The 1930 America's Cup was the 14th challenge for the Cup. It took place in Newport and consisted of a series of races between the defender Enterprise, entered by a syndicate of New York Yacht Club members headed by Winthrop Aldrich, and Shamrock V, the fifth in Sir Thomas Lipton's line of Cup challengers.[1][2]
Defender  United States | |
|---|---|
| Defender club: | New York Yacht Club |
| Yacht: | Enterprise |
Challenger  United Kingdom | |
| Challenger club: | Royal Ulster Yacht Club |
| Yacht: | Shamrock V |
| Competition | |
| Location: | Newport |
| 41°29′N 71°19′W / 41.483°N 71.317°W | |
| Dates: | September 13–18, 1930 |
| Rule: | Universal Rule, J-class |
| Winner: | New York Yacht Club |
| Score: | 4–0 |
← 1920 1934 → | |
Background edit
On May 5, 1929, Sir Thomas Lipton issued a new challenge for the America's Cup, including details of his challenging yacht, Shamrock V.[3] Like its predecessors, Shamrock V had been built by Charles Nicholson, with Lipton telling him that this time "the Americans ... would be just as pleased as anyone else to see me win."[4]
The challenge was unanimously accepted at a special meeting of the New York Yacht Club on May 16.[5] At the same meeting, the club decided to form two syndicates to build one yacht each for the defense of the cup, and also to welcome other syndicates who might want to offer a defender. The two syndicates formed directly by the NYYC were to be led by Vice-Commodore Winthrop Aldrich and Rear-Commodore Junius Morgan.[6][7][5] They were joined by a third New York syndicate headed by and managed by Landon K. Thorne and a fourth syndicate that was nominally attached to the NYYC for the purpose of eligibility for the race, but was composed of members of Boston's Eastern Yacht Club.[7]
During May and June, the NYYC and RUYC negotiated the conditions of the challenge.[8] Changes to the terms of the competition since the previous challenge of 1920 included:[8]
- that the races be held off Newport, instead of Sandy Hook
- that the match consist of the best of seven races, instead of the best of five
- that the yachts be built to the J-class standard, therefore eliminating the need to calculate handicaps for substantially different yacht designs
- that the yachts be Marconi rigged
- that the yachts comply with Lloyd's Register scantling rules for structural strength
The implications of this final point were that the challenger would not be disadvantaged by having a hull built strong enough to meet the current safety standards for a trans-Atlantic crossing (and therefore heavier than the previous generation of racing yachts),[8][4][6] and that it would also preclude the yachts Resolute and Vanitie from defending the Cup.[8][6] Both had been built to defend the Cup in the 1914 challenge (postponed and raced in 1920), with Resolute winning. However, neither Resolute nor Vanitie were built sturdily enough to meet the new regulations, therefore requiring the construction of new yachts for the defense.
The relocation to Newport was to accommodate the tall masts of the J-class; too tall to pass under many of the bridges over the East River.[2]
Additionally, the Cup Committee specified that to be evaluated as a defender, yachts would need to have at least one spare mast constructed.[9] This stipulation was made because of the eleven previous yachts built for evaluation as Cup defenders in previous years, five had lost their masts at some point.[9]
Aldrich's syndicate named Harold S. Vanderbilt as their captain and engaged Starling Burgess to design their yacht and Herreshoff Manufacturing Company to build it. They would name their yacht Enterprise. Morgan's syndicate also commissioned Herreshoff to build their yacht, and gave it the name Weetamoe.[1] Two other contenders for the defense of the Cup, Whirlwind, and Yankee were built by Lawley & Son.[1]
| Sail number | Name | Owner | Manager | Designer | Builder | Skipper |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Weetamoe | Junius Morgan syndicate | Clinton Crane | Herreshoff Manufacturing Company | George Nichols | |
| 2 | Whirlwind | Landon K. Thorne syndicate | Landon K. Thorne | Francis Herreshoff | Lawley & Son | Landon K. Thorne |
| 3 | Yankee | Boston–Marblehead Syndicate, a.k.a. the Eastern Yacht Club Syndicate | John S. Lawrence | Frank C. Paine | Lawley & Son | Charles F. Adams |
| 4 | Enterprise | Winthrop Aldrich syndicate | Harold S. Vanderbilt | Starling Burgess | Herreshoff Manufacturing Company | Harold S. Vanderbilt |
Over $3 million was spent on building the four contenders,[10] around $1 million of this on Enterprise alone[11] (around $54 million and $18 million in 2022 dollars).
In a major departure from previous competitions, the various contenders were quite open with each other about their designs and approaches, replacing the secrecy with which the designs had been treated in the past.[12]
Defense contender pre-trial races edit
Prior to the formal selection trials, the four yachts competing to become the Cup defender raced numerous times between June and August 1930.
The Long Island Sound series edit
On June 9, the contenders, together with Resolute and Vanitie, met at Glen Cove for a series of races planned in Long Island Sound by the local clubs.[13]
A huge flotilla of spectator craft attended the first of these races, including some 200 small motorboats, and two large steamers chartered by the New York Yacht Club.[14] About a dozen Coast Guard motorboats were stationed to keep the course clear,[13] however wakes from some of the spectator boats caused a minor disruption to the race as the yachts crossed them.[15]
Of the series, Weetamoe won three out of four races, with the other going to Enterprise.[16] Yankee arrived too late to compete in any but the fourth and last race.[13]
| Event | Date | Distance (nautical miles) | Winner | Enterprise's time | Resolute's time | Vanitie's time | Weetamoe's time | Whirlwind's time | Yankee's time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Special New York Yacht Club race for J-class boats | June 11 | 23.5 | Enterprise | 3:16:51 | 3:48:46 | 3:23:20 | 3:37:23 | 3:28:58 | dns |
| New York Yacht Club Annual Regatta 1930 | June 12 | 27.2 | Weetamoe | 3:34:40 | 3:49:28 | 3:38:46 | 3:33:09 | 3:54:48 | dns |
| Special Seawanhaka Corinthian Yacht Club race for J-class boats | June 16 | 19.6 | Weetamoe | 2:07:02 | 2:12:50 | 2:27:36 | 2:05:49 | 2:07:47 | dns |
| June 17 | 19.5 | Weetamoe | 2:02:59 | 2:13:21 | 2:08:03 | 2:02:05 | 2:05:40 | 2:04:49 | |
| dns=did not start | |||||||||
A fifth race in the series had been proposed for June 18 off Stamford, but was abandoned due to lack of entries.[17]
Points from races towards the racing season were awarded on the basis of: 1 point for starting a race, plus 1 point for each boat defeated. Therefore, at the end of this series, the points collected were:[17]
| Boat | Points |
|---|---|
| Enterprise | 18 |
| Weetamoe | 18 |
| Whirlwind | 10 |
| Yankee | 4 |
The Eastern Yacht Club races edit
The following week, the J-class boats traveled to Newport for three races organized by the Eastern Yacht Club.[18] Once again, a large spectator fleet attended the first race, including a steamer that the sponsoring club had brought from Boston.
The first race proved eventful when Weetamoe failed to give way as required to Enterprise leeward of her while they were maneuvering towards the start line (see Racing Rules of Sailing).[18] This caused the latter boat to stand off to avoid a collision and immediately signal a protest.[18] Although Weetamoe finished the race first, her skipper acknowledged the foul and withdrew, leaving Enterprise the winner.[19]
In the second race, while Enterprise led the other boats towards the second mark, her crew spotted a buoy with a red flag that appeared to them identical to the first mark they had already rounded.[20] Although about two miles from where they were expecting to find it, they believed this to be the second mark and turned.[20] The other five boats followed.[20] Only after the finish of the race were the crews informed by the Race Committee that they had all turned at the wrong point and that the second buoy had been a fishing trawl buoy.[20] However, since all competitors had made the same mistake, and acknowledging the similarity of the buoys, the committee decided to let the race stand.[20]
The results of the races were:[21]
| Date | Distance (nautical miles) | Winner | Enterprise's time | Resolute's time | Vanitie's time | Weetamoe's time | Whirlwind's time | Yankee's time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| June 23 | 28.5 | Enterprise | 3:10:16 | dns | 3:15:16 | Withdrawn (3:08:19) |
3:14:35 | 3:12:25 |
| June 24 | 27.8 | Enterprise | 2:55:52 | 3:03:42 | 3:03:10 | 2:57:28 | 3:02:22 | 2:56:31 |
| June 25 | 28.5 | Enterprise | 3:15:51 | 3:26:58 | 3:23:21 | 3:17:25 | 3:26:34 | 3:19:06 |
| dns=did not start | ||||||||
The points won by the contestants for America's Cup defender during these races were:[22]
| Boat | Points |
|---|---|
| Enterprise | 17 |
| Weetamoe | 9 |
| Whirlwind | 8 |
| Yankee | 13 |
As winner of the races, Enterprise was awarded the Commodore Charles P. Curtiss cup,[23] and a second prize was awarded to Yankee.[22]
Observation edit
During the first two weeks of July 1930, the America's Cup Committee staged a series of observation races to better understand the strengths and weaknesses of the four contenders to defend the cup.[24] The races were conducted by starting the yachts in pairs, with the second pair starting fifteen minutes after the first. The yachts to race in each pair were determined by lot.[24]
In all, ten of these races were staged between July 7 and July 17, although due to weather and mechanical failures, not every race could be completed.[25] A further two races had been scheduled for July 18 and 19 but were not conducted.[26]
The first four races proceeded without incident, with Weetamoe recording four wins, Enterprise two, and Whirlwind and Yankee one each.[27]
In the fifth race, on July 11, Enterprise and Weetamoe competed in the first division.[28] During the first leg of the race, Weetamoe's mainsail failed, forcing her to withdraw from the race.[28] The committee then signalled Enterprise to withdraw as well,[28] thereby granting Enterprise a technical victory.[29]
The sixth race, on July 12, was marred by very light winds. The start time was delayed by 2½ hours before there was even enough wind for the competitors to get underway,[30] and when Enterprise and Whirlwind started in the second division, the yachts of the first division were less than a mile ahead. By the time Enterprise rounded the second mark, she was ahead of not only Whirlwind, but the other two yachts as well.[31] The America's Cup rules of the time specified that if neither boat in a race had finished the course in 5½ hours, the race would be declared void.[32] Therefore, on this day, the first division race was voided for this reason: Weetamoe crossed the line only after 5 hours 44 minutes, leading Yankee, which was awarded a "did not finish".[31] In the second division, Enterprise completed the race with just over 1½ minutes left to spare, meaning that the race was still valid and earning Whirlwind a second place even though she took 6 hours 10 minutes to complete the course.[31]
Weather on the day of race seven, July 14, was quite the opposite: overcast and a 22-knot wind blowing.[33] Enterprise raced Weetamoe in the first division, both yachts with their mailsails reefed.[34] Enterprise's mainsail tore, forcing her to withdraw from the race, and giving Weetamoe a technical victory.[34] Something similar happened in the second division where both yachts were running under full sail: the headboard tore out of Whirlwind's mainsail, forcing her withdrawal and granting technical victory to Yankee.[34] No yacht actually completed the course that day.[34]
The wind died again on the day of race eight, July 15. Whirlwind and Yankee were taking lay days, so only Enterprise and Weetamoe raced.[35] Even so, the wind was so poor that the committee canceled the race after 1½ hours.[35]
Race 9, on July 16, proceeded without incident,[36] but for race 10, on July 17, Whirlwind was once again not available. The Cup Committee therefore decided to hold a three-way race for the other yachts.[37] Other than the participation of an extra competitor, this race was also without incident.[38]
A final two observation races were cancelled.[39]
The end results of the observations were that Enterprise, Weetamoe, and Yankee all finished roughly the same, points-wise (14, 13, and 13 respectively), while Whirlwind had won only a single race and finished with only 8 points.[26] Weetamoe won every race that she had finished.[26]
The results of the races were:[40]
| Date | Course and distance (nautical miles) | Division | Winner | Enterprise's time | Weetamoe's time | Whirlwind's time | Yankee's time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| July 7 | 15 miles, windward and return | 1 | Weetamoe | 3:43:55 | 3:47:27 | ||
| 2 | Yankee | 3:51:03 | 3:49:07 | ||||
| July 8 | 15 miles, windward and return | 1 | Whirlwind | 3:23:16 | 3:30:41 | ||
| 2 | Weetamoe | 3:26:13 | 3:25:47 | ||||
| July 9 | 15 miles, windward and return | 1 | Enterprise | 4:00:32 | 4:08:28 | ||
| 2 | Weetamoe | 3:56:41 | 3:58:58 | ||||
| July 10 | triangular, 10-mile legs | 1 | Enterprise | 3:11:50 | 3:12:24 | ||
| 2 | Weetamoe | 3:05:19 | 3:05:54 | ||||
| July 11 | triangular, 10-mile legs | 1 | Enterprise | dnf (withdrawn, technical victory) |
dnf (disabled) |
||
| 2 | Yankee | ' | 3:22:16 | 3:20:41 | |||
| July 12 | triangular, 10-mile legs | 1 | (cancelled) | 5:44:28 | dnf | ||
| 2 | Enterprise | 5:28:03 | 6:10:27 | ||||
| July 14 | triangular, 10-mile legs | 1 | Weetamoe | dnf (disabled) |
dnf (withdrawn, technical victory) |
||
| 2 | Yankee | dnf (disabled) |
dnf (withdrawn, technical victory) | ||||
| July 15 | leeward and windward | (cancelled) | dnf | dnf | dns | dns | |
| July 16 | triangular, 10-mile legs | 1 | Weetamoe | 3:26:44 | 3:30:50 | ||
| 2 | Enterprise | 3:17:31 | 3:23:42 | ||||
| July 17 | 15 miles, windward and return | Yankee | 3:14:09 | 3:12:16 | dns | 3:09:08 | |
| dns=did not start dnf=did not finish | |||||||
The points won by the contestants for America's Cup defender during these races were:[26]
| Boat | Points |
|---|---|
| Enterprise | 13 |
| Weetamoe | 14 |
| Whirlwind | 8 |
| Yankee | 13 |
New York Yacht Club annual cruise edit
From August 2–9, the 1930 annual cruise of the New York Yacht Club offered a final opportunity for the contenders for the defense of the America's Cup to compete with each other prior to the selection trials.
The first leg of the cruise, on August 2, was a 37½-mile race from New London to Newport. At the start of the race, Enterprise signalled a protest that Yankee had fouled her. Following the race, the Race Committee upheld the protest and disqualified Yankee, which had finished last in any case.[41] Weetamoe won this leg, defeating Enterprise by three minutes.[42]
The next leg was raced on August 4, a 31½-mile run from Newport to Mattapoisett.[42] This leg was won by Yankee, with Enterprise again in second place, this time by only 20 seconds.[43] Weetamoe lost about 30 minutes to recovering a man overboard.[43]
On August 5, a special race for the defender candidates was held in Buzzard's Bay on a 21-mile triangular course.[44] This time, Enterprise won, with all four yachts finishing within 5 minutes of each other.[45]
On August 6, participants in the cruise raced 37½ miles from Mattapoisett to Vineyard Haven.[46] Early in the race, Weetamoe fouled Whirlwind, which had to bear away to avoid a collision.[46] Weetamoe immediately withdrew from the race but continued to sail the course in order to reach the next port.[46]
The final port-to-port leg of the cruise was raced the next day, August 7, 37 miles from Vineyard Haven to Newport. Enterprise won this leg, but a few days after the race, a question of rules came up about her use of two spinnakers at one point during the race.[47] All four yachts had been running with spinnakers to starboard, but while maneuvering, Enterprise had raised her port spinnaker before dropping her starboard spinnaker.[48] When asked for a ruling, the Race Committee interpreted the Racing Rules to mean that a yacht could only sail with one spinnaker at a time.[47] On the basis of this determination, Enterprise's crew withdrew her from the race, which then went to Weetamoe.[47]
On August 8, the four contender yachts all participated in the Astor Cup, a 15-mile windward and leeward course.[49] Confusion arose as the yachts approached the finish because they had been instructed to finish with the Newport lightship to starboard, but also to finish between the lightship and the committee boat.[50] However, due to a mechanical falure, the committee boat was anchored in the wrong position, and finishing between it and the lightship would mean finishing with the lightship to port.[50] Weetamoe, in the lead, did just this, but the crew of Enterprise reasoned that the only way to satisfy the course instructions was to round the lightship and cross the finish line from the other direction, which they did and signalled a protest.[50] The Race Committee upheld the protest, and disqualified Weetamoe for not finishing the course, giving the race to Enterprise.[50]
The final race of the cruise was sailed on August 9, the City of Newport Cup. Again, confusion arose, this time because two other races were being held on the same day, and visibility on the course was not good.[51] Whirlwind completely missed one of the marks and continued sailing past it, and Enterprise turned at a buoy that had been set for a different race and lost considerable time getting back on course.[52] The race went to Weetamoe.[53]
The results of the races were:[54]
| Date | Event | Distance (nautical miles) | Winner | Enterprise's time | Weetamoe's time | Whirlwind's time | Yankee's time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| August 2 | New London–Newport | 37.5 | Weetamoe | 4:05:50 | 4:02:45 | 4:15:31 | dq |
| August 4 | Newport–Mattapoisett | 31.5 | Yankee | 2:42:02 | 3:11:10 | 2:42:14 | 2:41:42 |
| August 5 | Buzzard's Bay | 21 | Enterprise | 2:27:33 | 2:30:08 | 2:32:50 | 2:30:26 |
| August 6 | Mattapoisett–Vineyard Haven | 37.5 | Enterprise | 5:52:46 | dnf (withdrew) |
6:05:38 | 5:59:48 |
| August 7 | Vineyard Haven–Newport | 37 | Weetamoe | dnf (withdrew) |
4:44:44 | 4:50:48 | 4:52:44 |
| August 8 | Astor Cup | 15 | Enterprise | 3:28:10 | dnf | 3:36:44 | dnf |
| August 9 | City of Newport Cup | 15 | Weetamoe | 4:46:57 | 4:37:42 | 4:49:36 | 5:03:03 |
| dnf=did not finish dq=disqualified | |||||||
The points won by the contestants for America's Cup defender during these races were:[55]
| Boat | Points |
|---|---|
| Enterprise | 21 |
| Weetamoe | 16 |
| Whirlwind | 15 |
| Yankee | 12 |
Trials edit
Formal trials between the four contenders commenced on August 20, "to continue until the Cup Committee had selected a Defender for the America's Cup".[56] The contenders were to race in pairs, the second division starting 15 minutes after the first division, as in the observation races.[57]
The first race was to be a 30-mile leeward-and-windward course.[57] In the first division, Enterprise and Weetamoe raced neck-and-neck throughout the race[58] and finished only 31 seconds apart, with Enterprise the winner.[59] Yankee won the second division after Whirlwind became disabled.[59]
The second race, the next day, was a 30-mile triangular course, with the yachts in the same divisions as in the first race.[60] The wind was strong and Weetamoe sailed with her mainsail reefed.[61] A mechanical failure aboard Enterprise nearly forced her to withdraw, but Burgess was aboard and was able to devise a jury-rigged repair to keep her in the race.[62] Even so, Enterprise won her division, and in doing so, also the all-time record for the 30-mile course that had been set by Columbia in 1901.[63] Enterprise's record stood for about 13 minutes before being broken again by Yankee winning the second division.[63]
Trial races on August 25 and 26 were both abandoned when the contenders lay becalmed at the start line for hours.[64]
A final trial race was attempted on August 27, with Weetamoe racing Whirlwind in division 1 and Enterprise racing Whirlwind in division 2 on a 30-mile leeward-and-return course.[65] However, during the race, the wind died and with no hope of the yachts completing the course within the 5½-hour time limit, the Race Committee called off the race.[66]
That same evening, the America's Cup Committee informed the afterguard of Enterprise that their yacht had been selected to defend the cup.[67]
The results of the trial races were:[68]
| Date | Course and distance (nautical miles) | Division | Winner | Enterprise's time | Weetamoe's time | Whirlwind's time | Yankee's time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| August 20 | 15 miles, windward and return | 1 | Enterprise | 4:22:14 | 4:23:20 | 3:47:27 | |
| 2 | Yankee | 3:51:03 | dnf (disabled) |
4:21:48 | |||
| August 21 | triangular, 10 miles to a side | 1 | Enterprise | 2:49:20 | 2:52:28 | ||
| 2 | Yankee | 2:54:48 | 2:47:59 | ||||
| August 27 | 30 miles, leeward and return | 1 | cancelled | cancelled | |||
| 2 | cancelled | cancelled |
The points won by the contestants for America's Cup defender during these races were:[69]
| Boat | Points |
|---|---|
| Enterprise | 4 |
| Weetamoe | 2 |
| Whirlwind | 1 |
| Yankee | 4 |
Competition edit
The first race between Shamrock V and Enterprise took place on September 13,[70] a 15-mile leeward-and-windward course.[71] The start was postponed by an hour due to lack of wind.[70] The race was uneventful,[71] other than the Coast Guard having to move some sightseeing steamers so as not to cut the wind for the race.[72] Enterprise won by almost three minutes.[2][71]
The second race, on September 15, was a triangular course, 10 miles to each leg.[73] This proved to be an even more decisive victory for Enterprise, of nearly 10 minutes.[2][73]
The third race, on September 17, 15 miles windward and return,[74] was the most eventful of the series.[75] The way in which Shamrock V maneuvered at the start of the race raised several questions under the Racing Rules.[76] However, trusting that Enterprise was the faster yacht anyway under the prevailing conditions, her crew chose simply to remain clear of Shamrock V and not risk a protest.[77] The point became academic anyway, when 44 minutes into the race, Shamrock V's main halyard broke, causing her mainsail to collapse and forcing her to withdraw from the race.[78] Enterprise went on to complete the course and secure a victory.[2][78]
The fourth race, on September 18, was again a triangular course, 10 miles to each leg.[79] Enterprise established an early lead of nine minutes on the first leg.[80] Although Shamrock V was able to close that lead to only five minutes by the end of the race,[79] she still finished around half a mile behind Enterprise.[81] Lipton was heard to say "I can't win, I can't win"[2] Having won four races, Enterprise had successfully defended the America's Cup.[79][2]
The results of the four races were:[82]
| Date | Course and distance (nautical miles) | Winner | Enterprise's time | Shamrock V's time |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| September 13 | 15 miles, leeward and return | Enterprise | 4:03:48 | 4:06:40 |
| September 15 | triangular, 10 miles a side | Enterprise | 4:00:44 | 4:10:18 |
| September 17 | 15 miles windward and return | Enterprise | 3:54:16 | dnf (disabled) |
| September 18 | triangular, 10 miles a side | Enterprise | 3:10:13 | 3:15:57 |
Bibliography edit
- Dear, Ian (2004). Enterprise to Endeavour: the J-Class Yachts. London: Adlard Coles Nautical.
- D'Antonio, Michael (2010). A Full Cup: Sir Thomas Lipton's Extraordinary Life and His Quest for the America's Cup. New York: Riverhead Books.
- "The Yachts: Enterprise". The National Iron & Steel Heritage Museum. Coatesville, PA: The National Iron & Steel Heritage Museum. n.d. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
- Rayner, Ranulf (2022). The Story of the America's Cup 1851–2021. Illustrated by Tim Thompson. Woodbridge: ACC Art Books.
- Vanderbilt, Harold Stirling (1931). Enterprise: The Story of the Defense of the America's Cup in 1930. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
References edit
- ^ a b c The National Iron & Steel Heritage Museum (n.d.)
- ^ a b c d e f g Rayner 2022, p.58
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, p.5
- ^ a b D'Antonio 2010, p.305
- ^ a b Vanderbilt 1931, p.4
- ^ a b c Dear 2004, p.45
- ^ a b c Garland 1989, p.185
- ^ a b c d Vanderbilt 1931, p.6
- ^ a b Dear 2004, p.52
- ^ Dear 2004, p.49
- ^ Dear 2004, p.9
- ^ Dear 2004, p.50
- ^ a b c Vanderbilt 1931, p.89
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, p.88
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, p.90
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, pp.90–97
- ^ a b Vanderbilt 1931, p.98
- ^ a b c Vanderbilt 1931, p.102
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, p.103
- ^ a b c d e Vanderbilt 1931, p.105
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, pp.104–07
- ^ a b Vanderbilt 1931, p.108
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, p.107
- ^ a b Vanderbilt 1931, p.113
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, pp.113–35
- ^ a b c d Vanderbilt 1931, p.135
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, pp.114–22
- ^ a b c Vanderbilt 1931, p.123
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, p.122
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, p.126
- ^ a b c Vanderbilt 1931, p.127
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, p.225
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, p.129
- ^ a b c d Vanderbilt 1931, p.130
- ^ a b Vanderbilt 1931, p.131
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, pp.131–32
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, p.132
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, p.133
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, p.134
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, pp.116–34
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, p.140
- ^ a b Vanderbilt 1931, p.142
- ^ a b Vanderbilt 1931, p.145
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, p.146
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, p.147
- ^ a b c Vanderbilt 1931, p.148
- ^ a b c Vanderbilt 1931, p.153
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, p.149
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, p.154
- ^ a b c d Vanderbilt 1931, p.155
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, p.157–58
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, p.158
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, p.159
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, pp.142–59
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, p.160
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, 161. Vanderbilt gives this phrase in quotation marks, but does not specify the person whom or document which he is quoting
- ^ a b Vanderbilt 1931, 169
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, 170
- ^ a b Vanderbilt 1931, 172
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, 174
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, 173
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, 177
- ^ a b Vanderbilt 1931, 181
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, 183
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, 183–.84
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, 184
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, 184–85
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, pp.172–81
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, pp.186
- ^ a b Vanderbilt 1931, p.197
- ^ a b c Vanderbilt 1931, p.200
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, p.198
- ^ a b Vanderbilt 1931, p.202
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, p.207
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, p.203
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, p.204
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, p.205
- ^ a b Vanderbilt 1931, p.206
- ^ a b c Vanderbilt 1931, p.213
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, p.208
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, p.210
- ^ Vanderbilt 1931, pp.200–13