Lasting for several centuries, the kingdom fell to the Mongol invasions in the 13th century, but managed to re-assert sovereignty by the 1340s. The following decades were marked by the Black Death, as well as numerous invasions under the leadership of Timur, who devastated the country's economy, population, and urban centers. The Kingdom's geopolitical situation further worsened after the conquest of the Byzantine Empire and the Empire of Trebizond by the Ottoman Turks. As a result of these processes, by the end of the 15th century Georgia turned into a fractured entity. This whole series of events also led to the final collapse of the kingdom into anarchy by 1466 and the mutual recognition of its constituent kingdoms of Kartli, Kakheti, and Imereti as independent states between 1490 and 1493—each led by a rival branch of the Bagrationi dynasty, and into five semi-independent principalities—Odishi, Guria, Abkhazia, Svaneti, and Samtskhe. (Full article...)
Born in Racha, in western Georgia, Svanidze eventually moved to Tiflis with her two sisters and brother, and worked as a seamstress. Her brother Alexander was a confidant of Stalin, then still known by his birth name of Ioseb Jughashvili, and introduced him to Svanidze in 1905. They were married in 1906 and she gave birth to Yakov a few months later. The family moved to Baku to avoid arrest, though Svanidze got quite ill there and returned to Tiflis in 1907, dying shortly after her return, likely from typhus or tuberculosis. Her death had a profound effect on Stalin, who deeply cared for Svanidze. He abandoned Yakov to be raised by the Svanidze family, and rarely saw them again, fully immersing himself in his revolutionary activities. (Full article...)
Image 53A medieval illustration of the Georgian king George IV Lasha waging war against the Mongols in 1220. King George is shown in blue garment on a white horse holding a whip. A depiction from La Flor des estoires de la terre d'Orient by Hayton of Corycus. (from History of Georgia (country))
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Dambalkhacho cheese. (from Georgian cuisine)
Lobio (from Georgian cuisine)
Spinach pkhali (from Georgian cuisine)
King Mirian III established Christianity in Georgia as the official state religion in 324. (from History of Georgia (country))
Monastery of Iviron, one of several monastic centers founded abroad by Georgians of the Early Middle Ages. (from History of Georgia (country))
Paolo Iashvili, a Georgian poet persecuted by the Soviet authorities (from Culture of Georgia (country))
Prince Ilia Chavchavadze, leader of the Georgian national revival in the 1860s. (from History of Georgia (country))
Location of Georgia (including Abkhazia and South Ossetia) and the Russian part of North Caucasus. (from History of Georgia (country))
The construction of Svetitskhoveli Cathedral in Mtskheta, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site, was initiated in the 1020s by George I. (from History of Georgia (country))
Chakapuli (from Georgian cuisine)
King Erekle II (from History of Georgia (country))
A plate of khinkali (from Georgian cuisine)
Coronation of Demetrius I, a fresco from Matskhvarishi, 1140 (from History of Georgia (country))
19th century Georgian noble family: General Solomon Makashvili and family around 1900 (from History of Georgia (country))
British troops marching in Batumi, Georgia in 1920. Following World War I, Britain replaced German troops in Georgia (from History of Georgia (country))
Princess Ekaterine resisted Turkish encroachment in Western Georgia. (from History of Georgia (country))
King David the Builder, one of Georgia's greatest kings. (from History of Georgia (country))
Georgian SSR in 1957–1991, including Abkhazian Autonomous SSR, Adjara ASSR, and South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast. (from History of Georgia (country))
Kharcho (from Georgian cuisine)
President Zourabichvili (from History of Georgia (country))
A page from a 12th-century Gelati Gospel, an example of Georgian illuminated manuscripts from the Middle Ages (from Culture of Georgia (country))
Mikheil Saakashvili with George W. Bush. (from History of Georgia (country))
Adjarian khachapuri. (from Georgian cuisine)
King Solomon I (from History of Georgia (country))
Red Army in Tbilisi (from History of Georgia (country))
A Tatar Fruiterer, 1910, Georgian National Museum (from Niko Pirosmani)
2nd century BC bronze torso from Western Georgia, displayed at the Georgian National Museum (from Culture of Georgia (country))
Ceremonial crown of the Georgian high nobility, an example of metalwork from the early modern period (from Culture of Georgia (country))
Nino Ananiashvili (from Culture of Georgia (country))
Patera depicting Marcus Aurelius uncovered in central Georgia, 2nd century AD. (from History of Georgia (country))
Wall Painting in Georgia's ancient monastery, Shio-Mghvime (from Culture of Georgia (country))
Mother and Son by Niko Pirosmani (from Culture of Georgia (country))
Eduard Shevardnadze, second President of Georgia (1995–2003) (from History of Georgia (country))
Members of the National Council of Georgia, after declaring independence of Georgia, Tbilisi May 26, 1918 (from History of Georgia (country))
Queen Tamar and her father King George III, fresco from Vardzia. (from History of Georgia (country))
Bedia Cup of King Bagrat III of Georgia, 999 AD (from History of Georgia (country))
Chashushuli with bread and salad (from Georgian cuisine)
Leaders of Georgian independence movement in late 1980s, Zviad Gamsakhurdia (left) and Merab Kostava (right) (from History of Georgia (country))
Details from Pirosmani's paintings Threshing and Fisherman in a Red Shirt on the 5 lari banknote of the 2017 series. (from Niko Pirosmani)
Kingdom of Diauehi. (from History of Georgia (country))
Niko Pirosmani on a Georgian lari banknote of the 2002 series. (from Niko Pirosmani)
Frescoes from the Svetitskhoveli Cathedral, an example of Georgian medieval art depicting ships and monsters at sea. (from Culture of Georgia (country))
Prince Akaki Tsereteli, prominent Georgian poet and national liberation movement figure. (from History of Georgia (country))
Photos of the April 9, 1989 Massacre victims (mostly young women) on billboard in Tbilisi (from History of Georgia (country))
Churchkhela (from Georgian cuisine)
A medieval illustration of the Georgian king George IV Lasha waging war against the Mongols in 1220. King George is shown in blue garment on a white horse holding a whip. A depiction from La Flor des estoires de la terre d'Orient by Hayton of Corycus. (from History of Georgia (country))
Kingdom of Lazica. (from History of Georgia (country))
Ajapsandali (from Georgian cuisine)
George III as depicted on a medieval fresco from Vardzia (from History of Georgia (country))
The Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline project (from History of Georgia (country))
Muraba made from walnut (from Georgian cuisine)
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