The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the real-world history and notable fictional elements of J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy universe. It covers materials created by Tolkien; the works on his unpublished manuscripts, by his son Christopher Tolkien; and films, games and other media created by other people.
Middle-earth – fantasy setting created by Tolkien, home to hobbits, orcs, ents, dragons, and many other races and creatures.
Primary sources edit
Authors edit
Published works edit
By J. R. R. Tolkien edit
- The Hobbit (1937)
- 2nd Edition (1951) revised to align with The Lord of the Rings
- 3rd Edition (1966) revised to assert copyright in US
- The Lord of the Rings
- The Fellowship of the Ring (1954)
- The Two Towers (1954)
- The Return of the King (1955)
- The Scouring of the Shire - a "novelistic" chapter
- The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen
- The Adventures of Tom Bombadil (1962)
- Revised edition (2014) with addition of original poems, sources and images, and commentary by Christina Scull and Wayne G. Hammond
- The Road Goes Ever On (1967) – music by Donald Swann, penmanship by Tolkien. See also Audio recordings
- Revised edition (1978) – including a setting for Bilbo's Last Song
- Posthumously published
- Bilbo's Last Song (1974) – Dutch translation published 1973
- Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings (1975) – also known as "Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings"
- The Silmarillion (1977)
- Pictures by J. R. R. Tolkien (1979) – text by Christopher Tolkien. Most of these pictures had been previously published in calendars by Ballantine Books (1973) and George Allen & Unwin (1974, 1976–1979), some of them coloured by H. E. Riddett.
- Unfinished Tales (1980)
- J. R. R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator (1995) – text by Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull
- The Art of The Hobbit by J. R. R. Tolkien (2011) – text by Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull
- The Art of The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien (2015) – text by Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull
Edited by Christopher Tolkien edit
These works present extended selections of Tolkien's legendarium (the large body of documents relating to The Silmarillion), with extensive notes and posthumous editing by his son Christopher. The separate 4-volume body of his comments on the drafts of The Lord of the Rings is included as volumes 6–9.
The History of Middle-earth edit
- Early legendarium
- 1 The Book of Lost Tales 1 (1983)
- 2 The Book of Lost Tales 2 (1984)
- 3 The Lays of Beleriand (1985)
- 4 The Shaping of Middle-earth (1986)
- 5 The Lost Road and Other Writings (1987)
- The History of The Lord of the Rings
- 6 [1] The Return of the Shadow (1988)
- 7 [2] The Treason of Isengard (1989)
- 8 [3] The War of the Ring (1990)
- 9 [4] Sauron Defeated (1992)
- The later Silmarillion
- 10 [1] Morgoth's Ring (1993)
- 11 [2] The War of the Jewels (1994)
- Further details
- 12 The Peoples of Middle-earth (1996)
Other stories edit
- The Tolkien Reader and Tales from the Perilous Realm both reprint The Adventures of Tom Bombadil
Additional materials from the legendarium, with Christopher Tolkien's commentary.
- The Children of Húrin (2007)
- Beren and Lúthien (2017)
- The Fall of Gondolin (2018)
Edited by other scholars edit
- The Annotated Hobbit (1988) – text of The Hobbit, with many related texts by Tolkien, edited and with commentary by Douglas A. Anderson (revised edition 2002)
- The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien (1981) – selected, introduced and edited by Humphrey Carpenter
- The Nature of Middle-earth (2021) – essays and fragments, including on Elvish linguistics, with commentary by the scholar Carl F. Hostetter
- The History of The Hobbit (2007) – 2 volumes on the construction of The Hobbit with commentary by the scholar John D. Rateliff
Audio recordings edit
- Poems and Songs of Middle Earth (1967) – poems read by Tolkien; songs sung by William Elvin, accompanied by composer Donald Swann (as published in The Road Goes Ever On)
- J. R. R. Tolkien Reads and Sings his The Hobbit & The Lord of the Rings (1975), Caedmon TC 1477, TC 1478 (based on an August, 1952 recording by George Sayer)
Graphical works edit
Translations edit
Adaptations and developments edit
Maps edit
- A Map of Middle-earth, meaning either of two posters:
- by Barbara Remington (1965)
- by Pauline Baynes (1970)
- The Atlas of Middle-earth (1981, revised ed 1991) by Karen Wynn Fonstad
- Journeys of Frodo: An Atlas of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings (1981) by Barbara Strachey
Spoken word edit
- The Hobbit (1974) – Nicol Williamson recorded an abridged, dramatic version for Decca Records on the Argo label
- The Lord of the Rings (1990) – unabridged recording by Rob Inglis for Recorded Books
- The Hobbit (1991) – unabridged recording by Rob Inglis for Recorded Books
- The Children of Húrin (2007) – Christopher Lee recorded an unabridged audiobook
- The Hobbit (2020) – Andy Serkis live-streamed an unabridged reading to raise money for NHS Charities Together
- The Hobbit (2020) – unabridged recording by Andy Serkis for HarperCollinsUK and Recorded Books
- The Lord of the Rings (2021) – unabridged recording by Andy Serkis for HarperCollinsUK and Recorded Books
Radio edit
- The Lord of the Rings (1955) – BBC: six 45-minute episodes for The Fellowship of the Ring, then six 30-minute episodes for all of The Two Towers and The Return of the King, adapted by Terence Tiller
- The Hobbit (1968) – BBC: eight half-hour episodes, adapted by Michael Kilgarriff
- The Lord of the Rings (1979) – National Public Radio: totalling over 11 hours, adapted by Bernard Mayes
- The Lord of the Rings (1981) – BBC: 26 half-hour instalments, later re-cut to 13 hour-long instalments, adapted by Brian Sibley and Michael Bakewell
- Der Herr der Ringe (1991) – Südwestrundfunk and Westdeutscher Rundfunk: German adaptation of The Lord of the Rings in 30 half-hour episodes, by Peter F. Steinbach
Films edit
- The Hobbit (1967) – Gene Deitch's short animated adaptation
- The Hobbit (1977) – an animated musical television special by Rankin/Bass
- The Lord of the Rings (1978) – an animated film of the first half of the book by Ralph Bakshi
- The Return of the King (1980) – the animated sequel to 1977's The Hobbit
- Khraniteli (1991) - a "lost" Russian television play, now recovered
- Hobitit (1993) - a Finnish rendering of the Hobbits' journey in The Lord of the Rings
- The Lord of the Rings film series – the live-action trilogy by Peter Jackson
- The Hobbit film series – Jackson's three-part prequel to his The Lord of the Rings series
Stage edit
- Rob Inglis wrote and performed one-man adaptations of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings starting in the 1970s
- Lord of the Rings (2006) – Musical staged in Toronto, re-written for London in 2007
Television edit
- The Hobbit (1979) – children's program Jackanory broadcast ten 15-minute episodes
- The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power (2022) – prequel series by Amazon Studios
Games edit
Tabletop games edit
- Middle-earth Role Playing (1984) – Iron Crown Enterprises
- Lord of the Rings Adventure Game (1991) – Iron Crown Enterprises
- The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game (2002) –Decipher, Inc.
- The One Ring: Adventures over the Edge of the Wild (2011) – Cubicle 7
- Adventures in Middle-earth (2016) – OGL supplement by Cubicle 7
Video games edit
- The Hobbit (1982)
- Elendor (1991)
- The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002)
- The Hobbit (2003)
- The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)
- The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age (2004)
- The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth (2004)
- The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age (Game Boy Advance) (2004)
- The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II (2006)
- The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II: The Rise of the Witch-king (2006)
- The Lord of the Rings: The White Council (2007; cancelled)
- The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar (2007)
- The Lord of the Rings: Conquest (2009)
- The Lord of the Rings: Tactics (2009)
- The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest (2010)
- The Lord of the Rings: War in the North (2011)
- Guardians of Middle-earth (2012)
- Lego The Lord of the Rings (2012)
- Lego The Hobbit (2014)
- Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor (2014)
- Middle-earth: Shadow of War (2017)
Parodies edit
- Bored of the Rings (1969) – Harvard Lampoon novel
- Hordes of the Things (1980) – BBC radio series
- Bored of the Rings (1985) – Delta 4 video game
- The Boggit: Bored Too (1986) – Delta 4 video game
- Muddle Earth (2003) – children's novel by Paul Stewart
- Fellowship! (2004) – musical
Geography edit
Cosmology of Eä edit
Continents of Arda edit
- Middle-earth
- Númenor
- Valinor (on Aman)
Nations and regions edit
Natural features edit
Cities and other populated places edit
History edit
Artefacts edit
- Mithril
- The Palantíri
- Phial of Galadriel
- Rings of Power
- The Silmarils
- Two Trees of Valinor
- Weapons and armour
Events edit
- First Age
- Third Age
- Battle of Helm's Deep
- Battle of the Pelennor Fields
- Battle of the Morannon
- The Scouring of the Shire
Characters edit
First Age edit
House of Finwë
House of Elwë and Olwë
House of Marach
Others
Second Age edit
Third Age edit
Thorin and Company
The Fellowship of the Ring
Elves
Men
Other characters
Culture edit
Races edit
Other
Languages edit
Other
Folklore and poetry edit
Analysis edit
Influences edit
Components edit
- Artwork
- Family trees
- Heraldry
- for Tolkien's invented Languages, see above
- Maps
- Non-narrative elements
- Poetry
- see above for individual poems
Literary devices edit
- Anachronism
- Character pairing
- Editorial framing
- Frame stories
- Impression of depth
- Interlacing
- Narrative structure
- Prose style
Sources edit
- Antiquarianism
- Beowulf
- Celtic
- Classical world
- Finnish influences
- First World War
- Modern
- Norse
- Philology
- Shakespeare
Themes edit
- Addiction to power
- Ancestry as guide to character
- Architecture
- Christianity
- Decline and fall
- England
- Environmentalism
- Heroism
- Languages
- Light
- Luck and fate
- Magic
- Medieval
- Moral dilemma
- Music
- Naming of weapons
- Northern courage
- Old Straight Road
- Paganism
- Plants
- Psychological journeys
- Quests
- Race
- Sexuality
- Sound and language
- Time
- Trees and forests
- Women
Music edit
Scholarship edit
Institutions edit
Journals edit
Scholars edit
- Douglas A. Anderson
- Nicholas Birns
- Stratford Caldecott
- Jane Chance
- Patrick Curry
- Michael D. C. Drout
- Jason Fisher
- Verlyn Flieger
- John Garth
- Glen GoodKnight
- Wayne G. Hammond
- Stuart D. Lee
- Jared Lobdell
- Gergely Nagy
- Corey Olsen
- John D. Rateliff
- Fleming Rutledge
- Christina Scull
- Elizabeth Solopova
- Sandra Ballif Straubhaar
- Richard C. West
- Ralph C. Wood
Biographical works edit
- J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography (1977) – by Humphrey Carpenter
- Tolkien and the Great War (2003) – by John Garth
- The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary (2006) – by Peter Gilliver, Jeremy Marshall and Edmund Weiner
Works edit
- Tolkien: A Look Behind "The Lord of the Rings" (1969) – by Lin Carter (revised 2003 by Adam Roberts)
- The Complete Guide to Middle-earth (1971) – ed. Robert Foster (revised 1978, 2001)
- Master of Middle-Earth (1972) – by Paul H. Kocher
- Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England' (1979) – by Jane Chance
- The Road to Middle-Earth (1982) – by Tom Shippey (revised 1993, 2005)
- Splintered Light (1983) – by Verlyn Flieger
- J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century (2000) – by Tom Shippey
- Tolkien's Legendarium: Essays on The History of Middle-earth (2000) – eds Verlyn Flieger and Carl F. Hostetter
- Tolkien: A Cultural Phenomenon (2003) – by Brian Rosebury
- The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion (2005) – by Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull
- The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide (2006) – by Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull
- The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia (2006) – ed. Michael D. C. Drout
- A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien (2014) – ed. Stuart D. Lee
- Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth (2018) – by Catherine McIlwaine
- The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien (2020) – by John Garth
See also edit
External links edit
- Tolkien Gateway – wiki about Middle-earth and Tolkien.
- The Tolkien Meta-FAQ – answers to commonly asked questions about Tolkien and Middle-earth.
- J. R. R. Tolkien Collection at Marquette University – manuscripts of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, and related documents