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| Submission declined on 27 March 2024 by 14 novembre (talk). This submission reads more like an essay than an encyclopedia article. Submissions should summarise information in secondary, reliable sources and not contain opinions or original research. Please write about the topic from a neutral point of view in an encyclopedic manner.
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How to improve a draft
You can also browse Wikipedia:Featured articles and Wikipedia:Good articles to find examples of Wikipedia's best writing on topics similar to your proposed article. Improving your odds of a speedy review To improve your odds of a faster review, tag your draft with relevant WikiProject tags using the button below. This will let reviewers know a new draft has been submitted in their area of interest. For instance, if you wrote about a female astronomer, you would want to add the Biography, Astronomy, and Women scientists tags. Editor resources
This draft has been resubmitted and is currently awaiting re-review. |  |
| Submission declined on 7 February 2024 by WikiDan61 (talk). This draft's references do not show that the subject qualifies for a Wikipedia article. In summary, the draft needs multiple published sources that are:
This submission reads more like an essay than an encyclopedia article. Submissions should summarise information in secondary, reliable sources and not contain opinions or original research. Please write about the topic from a neutral point of view in an encyclopedic manner. Declined by WikiDan61 4 months ago. | |
Comment: Scheduled monuments do not appear to have the same notability as listed buildings, there being 950 in Powys alone, almost none of which have standalone articles. If better notability can be established, I still recommend removing the "Introduction to early medieval castles in Wales" section, as this historical information is already sufficiently covered in Castles in Great Britain and Ireland, and serves here only to artificially promote this particular monument's importance. WikiDan61ChatMe!ReadMe!! 18:59, 7 February 2024 (UTC)
- Scheduled monuments are nationally protected and this one appears to have significant coverage. Crouch, Swale (talk) 20:28, 19 May 2024 (UTC)
Llanthomas Castle Mound edit
| Llanthomas Castle Mound | |
|---|---|
 Llanthomas Castle Mound | |
  Llanthomas Castle Mound Location within Powys | |
| Principal area | |
| Preserved county | |
| Country | Wales |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | HEREFORD |
| Postcode district | HR3 |
| Dialling code | 01497 |
| Police | Dyfed-Powys |
| Fire | Mid and West Wales |
| Ambulance | Welsh |
| UK Parliament | |
| Senedd Cymru – Welsh Parliament | |
| Reference no. | Cadw BR078 CPAT PRN443 |
Llanthomas Castle Mound (LCM) was built by the Normans after the 1066 Norman conquest of England but before 1215 [1] [2]. It is a first generation motte and bailey castle design, the building materials were earth and timber.
The typical motte and bailey castle would have had a multi-storey wooden watchtower (i.e. the keep) on the summit of the motte, a wooden palisade fence around the bailey (i.e. the courtyard) and a deep ditch surrounding the bailey.
A millennium later the above ground wood has perished. The remains of LCM consists of the motte, the ditch and buried masonry underpinning part of the wooden fence surrounding the bailey [1]. Traces of a possible site for the bailey have been found to the south-east of the motte [3]. Digeddi Brook (a tributary of the River Wye) runs along the base of the ditch [4].
Cadw have described LCM as an important relic of medieval architecture which might extend knowledge of medieval defensive practices [1]. After translation from Latin and Tudor English the tudor antiquarian John Leyland (1503-1552) described the role of LCM as a defensive architecture [5] [6].
| Motte Height | 3.5 m | Motte summit diameter | 9.0 m | Motte base diameter | 24.0 m |
Toponymy edit
“Llan” is Welsh for the sacred land around a church [7]. Llanthomas translates to Thomas church in English.
Motte and bailey castles without evidence of the original bailey are called castle mounds (or tumps or twts) [8]. Until recently the grazing meadow surrounding the motte was called bailey court [6]. The words bailey and court are of Norman origin [9].
LCM alternative names edit
Many antiquarian and modern sources reference LCM [10] [11] with names reflecting its close proxity to Llanigon and Hay-on-Wye e.g.
- Llanthomas Motte [5] [12],
- Llanthomas [13],
- Llanthomas Mound [14],
- Llanigon Castle [15] [16],
- Hay No.3 [10],
- and Hay Rural [11].
Some antiquarian sources indirectly reference LCM e.g.
- the tumulus on the brook below Llanthomas [17] [18],
- the mound at Llanigan Castle [19] ,
- and the mound in Bailey Court [6] etc.
Location edit
LCM [20] is on a private property but can be viewed from Llanthomas lane [21], opposite the walled Llanthomas gardens [22], once part of Llanthomas manor [23]. LCM is near the village of Llanigon and less than 2 miles from Hay-on-Wye the "town of books". It is on the same lane as the Hay Festival fields (Dairy Meadows) [24].
LCM [25] is located in Powys, Wales but has a Herefordshire postcode. It is about 2 miles from the border with England, in the area known as the Welsh Marches [26]. LCM is in the foothills of Hay Bluff in Bannau Brycheiniog (previously known as the Brecon Beacons), It was in the historic county of Brecknockshire/Breconshire which became Powys in 1974.
LCM is on the Middle Wye Valley [27]. The castle location may have been chosen because it occupies a high point overlooking the River Wye less than a mile away. The fording point Little Fford Fawr [28] is located between LCM [29] and the south bank of the river. Mottes often had a direct line of sight to a nearby motte e.g. LCM and Llowes Castle Tump on the north bank of the river [30]. Other surviving Norman castles near LCM on the Middle Wye Valley include:
- 1.1 miles: Llowes Castle/Llowes Motte/Llowes Castle Tump [31],
- 1.5 miles: Hay-on-Wye Motte (c.f. "First castle" [32] and "Stone Castle" [33]),
- 2.0 miles: Clyro Castle,
- 2.2 miles: Glasbury Motte c.f. ("Glasbury Castle"),
- 2.5 miles: Cusop Castle (c.f. "Cusop Castle", "Mouse Castle"),
- 2.7 miles: Aberllynfi Castle/Great House Mound [34],
- 2.8 miles: Castle Kinsey [35],
- 3.9 miles: Clifford Castle,
- 4.5 miles: Painscastle Castle; Boughrood Motte,
- 5.0 miles: Bronllys Castle.
| OS Map Grid Reference | SO 2091 4036 |
| what3words | provoking.rave.longer |
| Postcode | HR3 5PU |
| Latitude: 52.056 | Longitude: -3.1548 |
| Latitude: 52° 3' 21"N | Longitude: 3° 9' 17"W |
| OS Eastings: 320919 | OS Northings: 240366 |
| Mapcode National GBR F0.DL2G |
Cadw scheduled report for LCM edit
Cadw perform a role in Wales, similar to English Heritage in England, and are a division of the Welsh Government. The Cadw scheduled report for LCM (BR078 [1]) states that there is a “strong possibility” that LCM and the scheduled area has “both structural evidence and intact associated deposits”. The report concludes that LCM is “an important relic of the medieval landscape”.
Clwyd–Powys Archaeological Trust record for LCM edit
Cadw collaborates with the Welsh archaeological trusts, who maintain regional historic environment records on behalf of the Welsh government. The trusts are Dyfed Archaeological Trust, Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust, Gwynedd Archaeological Trust and Clwyd–Powys Archaeological Trust (CPAT). The CPAT records for LCM include past Cadw reports: PRN: 443 (1986) [36], 38278 (1988) [37], 2586 (1995) [38].
Coflein record for LCM edit
Coflein is an online database known as the National Monuments Record of Wales (NMRW). The archive contains registered files produced by Cadw (founded in 1984) and their predecesssors e.g Ministry of Works, and the Department of the Environment. The archive is stored in the National Library of Wales in Aberystwyth. The archive record for LCM (NPRN: 306308 [39]) include a 100 years of reports: 6057064, 6054097, 6064626, 6140925, 6140927, 6359576, 6464877, 6140926, 6140924, 6054098, 6059886, 6519900.
LCM Excavations edit
In 1921, the Reverend W.E.T. Morgan, Vicar at the pre-conquest church of St. Eigon, Llanigon [40], and an amateur archaeologist hosted a visit from the Woolhope club [6]. The club study the natural history, geology, archaeology, and history of Herefordshire, England. Morgan dug a small excavation trench on the summit of the motte, but no artefacts were discovered [41]. There is no record of any professional level archaeological excavation or geophysical survey of LCM.
In 1988, a professional excavation of a possible site for the bailey courtyard revealed activity associated with the motte. A number of artefacts were found including a sherd from the base of a medieval cooking pot, and a pitt filled with charcoal. The archaeologists report suggests that this may have been the kitchen area within the bailey [3]. A private bungalow has since been built over the excavated site [42].
History edit
When appropriate the Normans speeded up castle construction by building on an existing Iron age or Bronze age hillforts, or Roman ruins or ditch, augmenting the castle's defensive architecture. Some antiquarian scholars believed that LCM was built on an Iron Age tumulus [17] [43] [44] [16].
The second Norman invasion of Wales was led by the Norman lord Bernard de Neufmarché (c.1050–c.1125). Brycheiniog was conquered between 1088 and 1095. Brycheiniog was divided into lesser lordships, and gifted to the knights who contributed to the conquest [45].
Llanthomas lordship was part of the Hay lordship owned by William Revel, one of Bernard de Neufmarché knights [15]. LCM was part of the Llanthomas lordship [15].
Revel is thought to have built Hay Castle Motte, near St Mary's Church, Hay-on-Wye [46] [47]. St. Marys was separated from the ancient parish of Llanigon in about 1115 A.D. [48]. It is not known who built LCM but it is known to have existed from the early days of the Norman conquest [2] [49] [50].
By the 14th century, LCM was documented as part of Llanthomas manor the domicile of the lord of the manor. The manor also included a proprietary church called Thomaschurch. The church was funded by the lord of the manor, and was financially independent of the Swansea and Brecon diocese of the Church in Wales (an independent member of the Anglican Communion). The proprietary church had disappeared by the 18th century [51].
A local historian has suggested that one of the first lords of the manor may have been the English Earl
- William de Ferre (c.1138 - c.1189): Earl of Derby and a Knight Templar [15].
Authoritative historical documentation shows Llanthomas owners were high status individuals, including the nobility, the wealthy and the infamous:
- Walter Devereux (1488 -1558): Earl Ferrers, 10th Baron Ferrers of Chartley,1st Viscount Hereford and a Knight of the Garter.
- William Thomas (c.1524 - 1554): MP for Downton, Wiltshire.
- Lettice Devereux, nee Knollys (1543 – 1634): Viscountess Hereford and Countess of Leicester.
- William Watkins (died 1702) [52]: Officer in the Parliamentarian army.
- Thynne Howe Gwynne (c.1780 - 1855) [53]: Lieutenant in the Regiment of the Dragoon Guards and Sheriff for Breconshire.
- Sir William Pilkington (1775 – 1850): 8th Pilkington Baronet.
- Reverend William Jones Thomas (1811 – 1886): Vicar at St. Eigons, Llanigon (1859 - 1886) [54].[55] and JP for Hereford, Brecon and Radnor.
- Several Thomas family members inherited Llanthomas. They lived in the manor house up until 1954 when the house was knocked down.
Over time Llanthomas lordship became known as Llanthomas [56] or Llanthomas estate, and the main domicile became known as Llanthomas manor [57] or Llanthomas house [58] or Llanthomas hall [59]. Many parts of the original lordship have been sold [60], including the land around LCM which was sold for farming, but is now a private residential property. A subset of the original lordship remains and is known as Llanthomas [61].
Notable people edit
- John Leyland (1503 - 1552) was a Tudor antiquarian, poet, archaeologist, and chaplain to King Henry VIII. He is known as the father of English local history and is a primary source for British history scholars. He visted LCM around 1536-1539.
- William de Ferre Earl of Derby (c.1138 - c.1189) was married to Sibyl de Braose (died c.1227) [62] the daughter of William de Braose, 3rd Lord of Bramber (a Marcher lord) and Bertha of Hereford [15]. William took part in the failed rebellion against Henry II.
- Walter Devereux (1488 -1558) was an English courtier and parliamentian, Walter was made a Knight of the Garter by Henry VIII of England. Walter is the first documented lord of Llanthomas lordship which he inherited in 1509 [63], [64], [65].
- William Thomas (c.1524 - 1554) was from Llanigon. He was a politician and scholar was a clerk of the Privy Council under Edward VI. He became MP for Downton, Wiltshire in 1553 [66]. An avowed Protestant, he was found guilty of treason for plotting to murder the Catholic Queen Mary I. He was committed to the Tower of London. From there he was drawn upon a sled to Tyburn, where he was hanged, beheaded, and quartered. His head was placed on London Bridge.
- Lettice Devereux, nee Knollys (1543 – 1634) was an English noblewomen. Lettice was married to Walter Devereux (1541 – 1576), 1st Earl of Essex, 2nd Viscount Hereford, 11th Baron Ferrers of Chartley. On Waters death she married Elizabeth I’s favourite, Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester. In a fit of jealously the Queen permanently banished Lettice from the Royal court.
- William Watkins (died 1702) was married to Honor Watkins (died 1734). He was in the parliamentarian army against Charles I [67]. In 1672 an act of parliament allowed non-conformist groups to meet in their own homes. The Llanigon Dissenters held meetings at Penyrwyrlodd, his other mansion in Llanigon. Their son John was wounded in a duel, leading to his opponents death. Fearing capture, he hid in Hay Castle but died in search of another hiding place [68].
- A Watkins descendent also called William Watkins, lived in Llanthomas in 1772.
- Thynne Howe Gwynne (c.1780 - 1855) was married to Hon. Georgianna Marianna Devereux, daughter of George the 13th Viscount Hereford of Tregoyd. He bought Llanthomas (1814).
- Sir William Pilkington (1775 – 1850) sold Llanthomas for £8000 to the Rev. William Jones-Thomas (1858).
- Reverend William Jones Thomas (1811 – 1886) [69]. His family were unable to meet the running costs of Llanthomas. The estate was sold-off in parts including Llanthomas farm (1922) [70], [71]. The manor house was demolished for the lead roofing (1954). William rejected suitors for 3 of his daughters, possibly because they were not wealthy enough to help sustain the estate. The known suitors include:
- Reverend Robert Francis Kilvert (1840–1879) who was the curate of Clyro. In 1871, he sought permission to marry Frances Eleanor Jane Thomas. Kilvert nicknamed her Daisy, and her family nicknamed her Fanny [72], [73].
- Reverend William E.T. Morgan (1837-1940) who was the curate of Glasbury, and became the Vicar of St. Eigons (1887 - 1923) after William. He sought permission to marry Charlotte Alice Thomas.
Online references to LCM edit
Online lists of medieval period castles in Wales, that include LCM:
- List of the medieval fortified sites of the historic county of Brecknockshire [74] including LCM [75].
- List of tumps c.f. LCM.
- List of Castles in Wales c.f. LCM.
- Welsh Castle Database [76] c.f. Llanthomas Motte.
- Vanished Castles of Wales and the Marches [77] c.f. LCM.
- The Castle Guide [78] – a selection of castles from around the UK c.f. Llanthomas Motte.
- Historical Britain - Mottes [79] c.f. Llanthomas Motte.
- Anglo-Norman Castles [80] c.f. Llanthomas.
- Where to Photograph Castles in Brecknockshire [81] c.f. Llanthomas.
- Castles in Wales [82] c.f. LCM, etc.
Other online sites that reference LCM include:
Antiquarian books with references to LCM edit
- Leyland, John (1906). The itinerary in Wales, 1536-1539 (Lucy Toulmin Smith ed.) [5].
- Poole, Edwin (1886) [88]. The Illustrated History and Biography of Brecknockshire from the Earliest Times to the Present Day [89].
- Lewis, Samuel (1833). A topographical dictionary of Wales, Vol 1 [90].
- Lewis, Samuel (1833). A topographical dictionary of Wales, Vol 2.[91].
Modern books with references to LCM edit
- Remfry, Paul Martin (1999, p 122). Castles of Breconshire: No. 8. Herefordshire: Logaston Press. ISBN 978-1-873827-80-2 .
- Salter, Mike (2001, p 29). The Castles of Mid Wales (2nd ed.). Folly Publications. ISBN 1-871731-48-8.
- Morgan, Gerald (2013, p 232). Castles in Wales - a Handbook (1st ed.). Y Lolfa. ISBM 978-1-84771-031-4
Selected journal articles with references to LCM edit
- D. J. Cathcart King. The Castles of Breconshire [10].
- D. J. Cathcart King. Castellarium Anglicanum: An Index and Bibliography of the Castles in England, Wales, and the Islands: Vols 1-2 [92].
- Ministry of Works. List Of Ancient Monuments In England And Wales [11].
- Lloyd, John Edward (1903). Historical memoranda of Breconshire; a collection of papers from various sources relating to the history of the County [93].
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