Volumnia Cytheris (fl. 1st-century BC) was an ancient Roman actress and mimae dancer. She is foremost known as the mistress of several famous Romans.
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Possibly born around 70 B.C.,[1] she was originally a slave of Publius Volumnius Eutrapelius[1] but later became a freedwoman. On stage, she was normally referred to only as Cytheris. The name derived from "Cythera" a nickname for Aphrodite.[2] She had relationships with Brutus and Mark Antony,[3] which attracted a lot of attention in contemporary ancient Rome. She is mentioned as the companion of her aristocratic lovers[4] in social occasions when the presence of a courtesan was otherwise not common, and considered shocking.
Cicero's letters recount how embarrassed he was to go to a party that she also attended, and how offensive it was for Mark Antony to give her a place of dignity in his litter:[5][6]
"The tribune of the people was borne along in a chariot, lictors crowned with laurel preceded him; among whom, on an open litter, was carried an actress; whom honourable men, citizens of the different municipalities, coming out from their towns under compulsion to meet him, saluted not by the name by which she was well known on the stage, but by that of Volumnia. A car followed full of pimps; then a lot of debauched companions; and then his mother, utterly neglected, followed the mistress of her profligate son, as if she had been her daughter-in-law. O the disastrous fecundity of that miserable woman! With the marks of such wickedness as this did that fellow stamp every municipality, and prefecture, and colony, and, in short, the whole of Italy." [7]
Later, Cicero's wife asked Cytheris to help mend the relationship between her husband and Cytheris' lover Mark Antony, so that he could return from exile in Brundisium. [5]
Her rejection of Cornelius Gallus reportedly provided the theme for Virgil's tenth Eclogue.[8] Gallus refers to her in his work under the name Lycoris,[9] which alludes to one of the names "Lycoreus" [1] the god Apollo, Greek god of music.
She is one of few free influential Roman courtesans mentioned by her contemporaries, others being Praecia and Chelidon.[10] Cytheris' fate is unknown and she is not mentioned in any sources after a certain point.[1]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d Fraschetti, Augusto (2001). Roman Women. University of Chicago Press. p. 83. ISBN 9780226260945.
- ^ Hancock-Jones, Robert; Menashe, Dan; Renshaw, James (24 August 2017). OCR Classical Civilisation GCSE Route 2: Women in the Ancient World. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781350015043.
- ^ Balsdon, J.P.V.D. (1962). Roman Women. The Bodley Head.
- ^ Keith, Allison (2011). "Lycoris Galli/Volumnia Cytheris:a Greek Courtesan in Rome" (PDF). eugesta-revue.univ-lille.fr. Retrieved 2023-11-11.
- ^ a b McElduff, Siobhán. "8 Cytheris: The Life of a Female Mime". BCCampus. Retrieved June 15, 2024.
- ^ Skinner, Marilyn B. (23 February 2021). Volumnia Cytherisa. ISBN 978-0-19-938113-5 – via Oxford Classical Dictionary.
- ^ Cicero, Marcus Tullius. "Philippics, 2.58". Lexundria.com. Retrieved June 15, 2024.
- ^ Sarah B. Pomeroy, Goddesses, Whores, Wives, and Slaves, pp 198–9 ISBN 0-8052-1030-X
- ^ Miller, Paul Allen (15 April 2013). Latin Erotic Elegy: An Anthology and Reader. Routledge. ISBN 9781135641887.
- ^ Anise K. Strong: Prostitutes and Matrons in the Roman World
- Matthew Dillon, Lynda Garland, Ancient Rome: A Sourcebook
- Edith Hall, Rosie Wyles, New Directions in Ancient Pantomime
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