The Solnhofen Plattenkalk, a collective term of multiple Late Jurassic lithographic limestones in southeastern Germany, is famous for its well preserved fossil flora and fauna dating to the late Jurassic.
Solnhofen Limestone | |
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Stratigraphic range: Kimmeridgian-Tithonian[1][2] | |
Type | Geological formation |
Underlies | Usseltal Formation |
Overlies | Torleite Formation |
Lithology | |
Primary | Lithographic limestone[1] |
Location | |
Region | Bavaria |
Country | Germany |
Type section | |
Named for | Solnhofen |
Name | Species | Presence | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|
A. ornatissimus |
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Paracestracion | P. falcifer | |||
P. stromeri | Known from several other localities including the Canjuers Lagerstätte and White Limestone Formation. |
Name | Species | Presence | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|
C. bucklandi[4] |
Name | Species | Presence | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|
E. gibbosus[5] |
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G. circularis[5] |
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G. hexagonus[5] |
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M. verrucosus[5] |
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M. heckeli[5] |
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M. macropterus[5] |
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Piranhamesodon[6] | P. pinnatomus[6] | |||
P. elegans[5] |
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P. formosus[5] |
Lepidotidae
editName | Species | Presence | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|
Scheenstia[7] |
S. maximus[7] |
Callipurbeckidae
editName | Species | Presence | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|
Callipurbeckia | C. notopterus[7] |
Name | Species | Presence | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|
H. oberndorferi[8] |
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M. rostratus[8] |
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N. decoratus[8] |
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N. denticulatus |
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P. elongatus[8] |
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P. microstomus[8] |
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E. beatae[8] |
Name | Species | Presence | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|
H. latus[9] |
Name | Species | Presence | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|
A. bellicianus[10] |
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A. pachyurus[10] |
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C. furcatus[10] |
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C. giganteus[10] |
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L. gracilis[10] |
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L. sprattiformis[10] |
Ionoscopidae
editName | Species | Presence | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|
I. cyprinoides[11] |
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I. esocinus[11] |
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I. münsteri[11] |
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I. striatissimus[11] |
Furidae
editName | Species | Presence | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|
F. angustus[12] |
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F. latimanus[12] |
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F. longiserratus[12] |
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F. microlepidotes[12] |
Other halecomorphs
editName | Species | Presence | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|
A. lepidota[13] |
Amiid.[13] |
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O. muensteri |
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O. attenuta[13] |
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O. procera[13] |
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S. elongata[13] |
Amiid.[13] |
Halecomorphi incertae sedis
editName | Species | Presence | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|
B. radiato-punctatus[14] |
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B typicus[14] |
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C. agassizzi[14] |
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L. minutus[14] |
Pleuropholidae
editName | Species | Presence | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|
P. laevissima[15] |
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P. pompecki[15] |
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P. wagneri[15] |
Name | Species | Presence | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|
A. titanius[16] |
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H. insignis[16] |
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H. macrodon[16] |
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O. cornutus[16] |
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P. retrodorsalis[17] |
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S. depressus[16] |
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S. longimanus[16] |
Name | Species | Presence | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|
A. acutirostris[18] |
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B. münsteri[18] |
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B. tenuirostris[18] |
Pholidophoridae
editName | Species | Presence | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|
Indeterminate.[19] |
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E. speciosus[19] |
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P. micronyx[19] |
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P. ovatus[19] |
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P. armatus[19] |
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P. diagonalis[19] |
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P. falcifer[19] |
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P. macrocephalus[19] |
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P. microps[19] |
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P. sculptus[19] |
Allothrissopidae
editName | Species | Presence | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|
A. mesogaster[20] |
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A. salmoneus[20] |
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P. propterus[20] |
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T. formosus[20] |
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T. subovatus[20] |
Orthogonikleithridae
editName | Species | Presence | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|
L. haerteisi[21] |
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L. sprattiformis[21] |
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O. hoelli[21] |
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O. leichi[21] |
Anaethalionidae
editName | Species | Presence | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|
A. angustissimus[22] |
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A. angustus[22] |
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A. knorri[22] |
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A. subovatus[22] |
Others
editName | Species | Presence | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|
A. voithii[23] |
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D. tischlingeri[23] |
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E. mayri[23] |
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cf. E. sp. 1[23] |
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cf. E. sp. 2[23] |
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cf. E. sp. 3[23] |
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T. dubius[23] |
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T. viohli[23] |
The earliest known otocephalan. |
Sarcopterygii
editCoelacanths
editName | Species | Presence | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|
C. bavaricum | The last laugiid coelacanth. | |||
C. gigas | ||||
C. suevicum | ||||
Libys | L. polypterus | |||
L. superbus | ||||
Undina | U. penicillata |
Reptiles
editLizards
editName | Species | Presence | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|
A. brevipes |
Small Lepidosaur thought to be close to the base of Geckota[24] | |||
A. digitalellus |
Solnhofen, Eichstätt |
|||
B. macrodactylus |
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E. schroederi |
Eichstätt |
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Schoenesmahl[24] | S. dyspepsia | Kelheim | Bavariasaurid lizard that was found in the stomach of the Compsognathus Holotype[24] |
Rhynchocephalians
editName | Species | Locality | Formation | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
H. maximillioni |
Eichstätt, Painten, Schamhaupten, Kelheim |
Altmühltal Formation, Painten Formation | |||
Sapheosaurus | S. laticeps | Eichstätt, Painten | Altmühltal Formation, Painten Formation | Large sapheosaurid reaching 70 cm in length, it may be semi-aquatic | |
Kallimodon | K. pulchellus | Eichstätt | Altmühltal Formation | Sapheosauridae | |
Oenosaurus | O. muehlheimensis | Mühlheim | Mörnsheim Formation | Rhynchocephalian with dentition unique among Tetrapoda[25] | |
Vadasaurus | V. herzogi | Painten? | Painten Formation | Rhynchocephalian close to the base of Pleurosauridae[26] | |
P. goldfussi |
Eichstätt, Langenaltheim, Painten, Mörnsheim |
Altmühltal Formation, Painten Formation, Mörnsheim Formation |
Acrosaurus fischmanni is a synonym.[27] |
Ichthyosaurs
editName | Species | Presence | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|
A. leptospondylus |
Eichstätt, Solnhofen[28] |
|||
"Ichthyosaurus" |
Eichstätt, Kelheim, Solnhofen |
Nomen dubium. Known only from isolated teeth. |
Turtles
editName | Species | Presence | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|
E. wagleri |
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C. temnospondyla |
Solnhofen |
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I. fitzingeri |
Eichstätt |
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P. testa |
Kelheim, Eichstätt, Solnhofen |
Eurysternum crassipes and Thalassemys marina are synonyms. | ||
P. oberndorferi |
Kelheim |
Platychelyid sea turtle | ||
S. parsonsi |
Eichstätt |
Crocodylomorphs
editName | Species | Presence | Specimens | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A. beaumonti |
Kelheim |
|
An atoposaurid |
||
C. elegans |
Eichstätt, Solnhofen |
||||
D. maximus |
Schernfeld |
A metriorhynchid | |||
G. giganteus |
Solnhofen |
A metriorhynchid | |||
R. gracilis |
Eichstätt, Zankt |
A metriorhynchid |
Dinosaurs
editName | Species | Presence | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|
A. siemensii[35] |
Wellnhoferia and Jurapteryx are synonyms. |
|||
A. lithographica[34] |
Langenaltheim, Eichstätt | |||
C. longipes[34] |
Kelheim (Goldberg) |
Name | Species | Presence | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|
A. scolopaciceps |
Formerly classified as a species of Pterodactylus, closely related to Ardeadactylus, Aurorazhdarcho, and Cycnorhamphus.[36] |
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A. ammoni |
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A. longicollum |
Formerly considered a species of Pterodactylus, it is more closely related to Gnathosaurus and Germanodactylus.[37] | |||
A. micronyx |
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C. elegans |
Originally classified as Pterodactylus elegans | |||
C. suevicus |
Originally classified as Pterodactylus suevicus | |||
G. cristatus |
Originally classified as Pterodactylus cristatus | |||
G. rhamphastinus |
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G. subulatus |
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P. antiquus |
| |||
R. muensteri |
| |||
S. crassirostris[40] |
|
Invertebrate paleofauna
editCrinoids
editCrinoids of the Solnhofen Formation | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Taxa | Presence | Notes | Images | |
|
Saccocoma remains are the most common macroscopic fossils in the Solnhofen limestone.[41] |
Cephalopods
editCephalopods of the Solnhofen Formation | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Taxa | Species | Presence | Notes | Images |
Belemnotheutis | B. mayri[42] | |||
Plesioteuthis | ||||
Physodoceras[43] | An ammonite | |||
Fontannesiella[43] | An ammonite |
Crustacea
editXiphosura
editHorseshoe crabs of the Solnhofen Formation | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Taxa | Presence | Notes | Images | |
Thylacocephalans
editThylacocephalans of the Solnhofen Formation | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Taxa | Presence | Notes | Images | |
Clausocaris | C. lithographica | |||
Dollocaris | D. michelorum | |||
Mayrocaris | M. bucculata | |||
Falcatacaris | F. bastelbergeri |
Insects
editDragonflies of the Solnhofen Formation | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Taxa | Presence | Notes | Images | |
References
edit- ^ a b Rauhut, O. W., Heyng, A. M., López-Arbarello, A., & Hecker, A. (2012). A new rhynchocephalian from the Late Jurassic of Germany with a dentition that is unique amongst tetrapods. PLoS ONE, 7(10): e46839.
- ^ Schweigert, G. 2007. Ammonite biostratigraphy as a tool for dating Upper Jurassic lithographic limestones from South Germany – first results and open questions." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen, 245(1): 117-125. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2007/0245-0117
- ^ Stumpf, Sebastian; López‐Romero, Faviel A.; Kindlimann, René; Lacombat, Frederic; Pohl, Burkhard; Kriwet, Jürgen (2021). "A unique hybodontiform skeleton provides novel insights into Mesozoic chondrichthyan life". Papers in Palaeontology. 7 (3): 1479–1505. doi:10.1002/spp2.1350. S2CID 234204226.
- ^ a b "Table 1; Chondrostei; Coccolepidae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Table 1; Halecostomi; Pycnodontiformes" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
- ^ a b Kölbl-Ebert; Ebert; Bellwood; Schulbert, Martina; Martin; David R.; Christian (October 18, 2018). "A Piranha-like Pycnodontiform Fish from the Late Jurassic". Current Biology. 28 (21): 3516–3521.e2. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.09.013. PMID 30344113. S2CID 53045425.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c "Table 1; Halecostomi; Semionotidae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Table 1; Halecostomi; Macrosemiidae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
- ^ a b "Table 1; Halecostomi; 'Halecostomi inc. sed.'" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Table 1; Halecomorphi; Caturidae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
- ^ a b c d e "Table 1; Halecomorphi; Ionoscopidae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
- ^ a b c d e "Table 1; Halecomorphi; Furidae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Table 1; Halecomorphi; 'Amiidae' and 'Ophiopsidae'" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Table 1; Halecomorphi; Halecomorphi incertae cedis" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
- ^ a b c d "Table 1; Teleostei; Pleuropholidae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Table 1; Halecostomi; Pachycormidae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
- ^ a b Note: Lambers abbreviated Pseudoasthenocormus as "Pseudoasth.," "Table 1; Halecostomi; Pachycormidae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
- ^ a b c d e "Table 1; Teleostei; Aspidorhynchidae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Table 1; Teleostei; Pholidophoridae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Table 1; Teleostei; Allothrissopidae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
- ^ a b c d e f "Table 1; Teleostei; Orthogonikleithridae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
- ^ a b c d e "Table 1; Teleostei; Anaethalionidae" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Table 1; Teleostei; 'Elopidae,' 'Ostariophysi,' 'Clupeocephala inc. sed.,' 'Elopocephala inc. sed.,' and 'Teleostei inc. sed'" in Lambers (1999) pg. 216.
- ^ a b c Conrad, Jack L. (2018-06-28). "A new lizard (Squamata) was the last meal of Compsognathus (Theropoda: Dinosauria) and is a holotype in a holotype". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 183 (3): 584–634. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx055. ISSN 0024-4082.
- ^ Rauhut, O. W.; Heyng, A. M.; López-Arbarello, A.; Hecker, A. (2012). "ResearchGate". PLOS ONE. 7 (10): e46839. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046839. PMC 3485277. PMID 23118861.
- ^ Bever, Gabriel S.; Norell, Mark A. (2017). "A new rhynchocephalian (Reptilia: Lepidosauria) from the Late Jurassic of Solnhofen (Germany) and the origin of the marine Pleurosauridae". Royal Society Open Science. 4 (11): 170570. doi:10.1098/rsos.170570. PMC 5717629. PMID 29291055.
- ^ Dupret, V. (2004). The pleurosaurs: anatomy and phylogeny. Revue de Paléobiologie, Vol spéc, 9, 61-80.
- ^ Bardet, N., & Fernández, M. (2000). A new ichthyosaur from the Upper Jurassic lithographic limestones of Bavaria. Journal Information, 74(3).
- ^ JOYCE, W. G. (2003). A new Late Jurassic turtle specimen and the taxonomy of Palaeomedusa testa and edusa testa Eurysternum wagleri.
- ^ Schwarz‐Wings, D., Klein, N., Neumann, C., & Resch, U. (2011). A new partial skeleton of Alligatorellus (Crocodyliformes) associated with echinoids from the Late Jurassic (Tithonian) lithographic limestone of Kelheim, S‐Germany. Fossil Record, 14(2), 195-205.
- ^ a b c d e De Andrade, M. B., Young, M. T., Desojo, J. B., & Brusatte, S. L. (2010). The evolution of extreme hypercarnivory in Metriorhynchidae (Mesoeucrocodylia: Thalattosuchia) based on evidence from microscopic denticle morphology. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30(5), 1451-1465.
- ^ Young MT, Brusatte SL, de Andrade MB, Desojo JB, Beatty BL, et al. (2012) The Cranial Osteology and Feeding Ecology of the Metriorhynchid Crocodylomorph Genera Dakosaurus and Plesiosuchus from the Late Jurassic of Europe. PLoS ONE 7(9): e44985. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044985
- ^ a b c Young, Mark T., and Marco Brandalise de Andrade, 2009. "What is Geosaurus? Redescription of Geosaurus giganteus (Thalattosuchia: Metriorhynchidae) from the Upper Jurassic of Bayern, Germany." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 157: 551-585.
- ^ a b c d Weishampel, David B; et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Late Jurassic, Europe)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 545–549. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
- ^ Mayr, G.; Phol, B.; Hartman, S.; Peters, D. S. (2007). "The tenth skeletal specimen of Archaeopteryx". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 149: 97–116. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00245.x.
- ^ Vidovic SU, Martill DM (2014) Pterodactylus scolopaciceps Meyer, 1860 (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea) from the Upper Jurassic of Bavaria, Germany: The Problem of Cryptic Pterosaur Taxa in Early Ontogeny. PLoS ONE 9(10): e110646. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0110646
- ^ Bennett, S.C. (2002). "Soft tissue preservation of the cranial crest of the pterosaur Germanodactylus from Solnhofen." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22(1): 43-48.
- ^ Jouve, S. (2004). "Description of the skull of a Ctenochasma (Pterosauria) from the latest Jurassic of eastern France, with a taxonomic revision of European Tithonian Pterodactyloidea." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 24(3): 542-554.
- ^ Bennett, S. C. (1995). "A statistical study of Rhamphorhynchus from the Solnhofen Limestone of Germany: Year-classes of a single large species." Journal of Paleontology, 69: 569-580.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Scaphognathus." In: Cranfield, Ingrid (ed.). The Illustrated Directory of Dinosaurs and Other Prehistoric Creatures. London: Salamander Books, Ltd. Pp. 308-309.
- ^ a b c Clare V. Milsom. (1994) Saccacoma, a benthic crinoid from the Jurassic Solnhofen Limestone, Germany Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine. Palaeontology 37 (1) 121-129.
- ^ Lomax, Dean R. (2010). "Am Ichthyosaurus (Reptilia, Ichthyosauria) with gastric contents from Charmouth, England: First report of the genus from the Pliensbachian" (PDF). Paludicola. 8 (1). Rochester Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology: 22–36. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 26, 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
- ^ a b Keupp, Helmut (July 2007). "Complete ammonoid jaw apparatuses from the Solnhofen plattenkalks: Implications for aptychi function and microphagous feeding of ammonoids". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 245: 93–101. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2007/0245-0093.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au Garassino, Alessandro; Schweigert, Guenter (January 2006). "The Upper Jurassic Solnhofen decapod crustacean fauna: Review of the types from old descriptions. Part I. Infraorders Astacidea, Thalassinidea, and Palinura" (PDF). Memorie della Società italiana di Scienze naturali e del Museo civico di Storia naturale di Milano. 34 (1): 1–64.
- ^ Charbonnier, Sylvain; Garassino, Alessandro; Pacaud, Jean-Michel; Schweigert, Günter (December 2012). "Rediscovery of the type material of Eryon cuvieri Desmarest, 1817 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Eryonidae) and nomenclatural consequences". Geodiversitas. 34 (4): 849–855. doi:10.5252/g2012n4a7. ISSN 1280-9659.
- ^ a b c Haug, Carolin; Wiethase, Joris; Haug, Joachim (2015-12-30). "New records of Mesozoic mantis shrimp larvae and their implications on modern larval traits in stomatopods". Palaeodiversity. 8: 121–133.
- ^ a b Haug, Joachim T.; Haug, Carolin; Maas, Andreas; Kutschera, Verena; Waloszek, Dieter (2010-09-21). "Evolution of mantis shrimps (Stomatopoda, Malacostraca) in the light of new Mesozoic fossils". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10 (1): 290. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-290. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 2955030. PMID 20858249.
- ^ a b Haug, C.; Haug, J.; Waloszek, D. (2009). "Morphology and ontogeny of the Upper Jurassic mantis shrimp Spinosculda ehrlichi n. gen. n. sp. from southern Germany". Palaeodiversity. 2: 111–118. S2CID 2601897.
- ^ a b c Haug, Carolin; Haug, Joachim T. (2021-04-16). "A new fossil mantis shrimp and the convergent evolution of a lobster-like morphotype". PeerJ. 9: e11124. doi:10.7717/peerj.11124. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 8054755. PMID 33959413.
General
edit- Lambers, P. H. (1999). The actinopterygian fish fauna of the Late Kimmeridgian and Early Tithonian 'Plattenkalke' near Solnhofen (Bavaria, Germany): state of the art. Geologie en Mijnbouw 78:215-229.