Philogelos (Ancient Greek: Φιλόγελως, "Love of Laughter"), also titled or subtitled The Jests of Hierocles and Philagrius, is the oldest surviving collection of jokes, originally written in Ancient Greek.
Context edit
Although it is the oldest surviving joke book, the Philogelos is not the oldest collection ever known. Athenaeus wrote in the Deipnosophistae that Philip II of Macedon paid for a social club in Athens to write down its members' jokes, and joke-books are mentioned by characters in Persa and Stichus, two comedies by the 2nd century BC playwright Plautus.[1]
Attribution edit
Authorship of the Philogelos is traditionally attributed to two men, Hierocles and Philagrius (or Hierokles and Philagros), who are otherwise unattested and have no known works.[1] It has been posited that the Hierocles mentioned is Neoplatonist philosopher Hierocles of Alexandria, but there is no evidence to connect the two.[2] If Hierocles and Philagrius were indeed the creators of the book, it is more likely that they compiled and edited pre-existing jokes, rather than writing all the jokes themselves.[2]
The Suda, a 10th century Byzantine encyclopedia, attributes authorship to a 5th century BC comic playwright named Philistion of Nicaea, who was allegedly a contemporary of Socrates and a blood relative of Philemon.[3]
The exact time of publication is unknown. According to William Berg, who published an English translation of it in 2008, the language used indicates that it may have been written in the fourth century AD.[4] Joke #62 mentions the Secular Games held by Philip the Arab marking the 1000th anniversary of the founding of Rome, implying that the jokes were not compiled until after the year 248 AD.[5]
Contents edit
The Philogelos consists of 265 jokes, although some of the jokes are repeated. They are sorted by the stock characters they feature, including the dumb or absent-minded scholar (Ancient Greek: σχολαστικός), the con man, the misanthrope, the witty commentator (Ancient Greek: εὐτράπελος), doctors and patients, teachers and students, and husbands and wives.[1][2] There are also ethnic jokes about Cumaeans, Sidonians, and Abderites, where they are stereotyped as unintelligent, superstitious, and literal-minded.[2]
Joke #1 edit
The first joke in the collection has long been described as incomprehensible, nonsensical, or missing a punchline:
A scholar ordered a silversmith to prepare a lantern. When the latter asked how big he wanted it, he replied "Like this, for eight people!"[6]
The most common interpretation, first argued by Giovanni Pontano, was simply the scholar giving the silversmith a bizarre and useless answer.[6] However, a 2013 paper by Egizia Maria Felice, Professor of Classics at the University of Reading, argued that the word for lantern (Ancient Greek: λύχνος) also refers to an edible species of fish (albeit different from a modern lanternfish), as attested in Strabo's Geographica.[7] The humor is therefore a play on words about the meaning of λύχνος, where the scholar orders a lantern the same way he'd order a lanternfish.[6]
Modern day edit
In 2008, British TV personality and comedian Jim Bowen tested the material on a modern audience.[8] One of the jokes in Philogelos has been described as "an ancestor of Monty Python's famous Dead Parrot comedy sketch."[4] Comedian Jimmy Carr has said that some of the jokes are "strikingly similar" to modern ones.[9]
The US National Museum of Language showcases a virtual exhibit, ‘‘Philogelos: The First Joke Book,” featuring cartoons created from translations of the Philogelos collection.[10]
See also edit
- Roman jokes
- Poetics (Aristotle), Aristotle discusses the nature of tragedy and comedy, but the book on the latter is lost.
References edit
- ^ a b c Quinn, John T. (2001). "45 Jokes from The Laughter Lover". Diotima. Archived from the original on 2016-07-21. Retrieved 2008-11-13.
- ^ a b c d Laes, Christian (2005-09-18). "M. Andreassi, Le facezie del Philogelos. Barzellette antiche e umorismo moderno". Bryn Mawr Classical Review. Archived from the original on 2008-10-14. Retrieved 2008-11-13.
- ^ Whitehead, David, ed. (2005-10-15). "Philistion". Suda On Line. Retrieved 2024-06-05.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b "Dead Parrot sketch ancestor found". BBC News. BBC. 2008-11-13. Retrieved 2008-11-13.
- ^ Jennings, Victoria (2001-06-05). "R.D. Dawe, Philogelos. München/Leipzig: K.G. Saur, 2000". Bryn Mawr Classical Review. Archived from the original on 2008-06-06. Retrieved 2008-11-13.
- ^ a b c Felice, Egizia Maria (April 2013). "Putting the ΓEΛΩΣ Back in Philogelos 1". Classical Philology. 108 (2): 155–158 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Strabo, 17.2.4
- ^ "What's the oldest surviving joke book in the world? « Stuart's World-Famous Compendopedia™". Archived from the original on 2016-04-22. Retrieved 2013-08-28.
- ^ "Dead Parrot sketch is 1,600 years old". 13 November 2008.
- ^ Thompson, Linda (2015-08-11). "The Philogelos: Cartoons from the World's Oldest Joke Book Exhibit". The National Museum of Language. Retrieved 2020-06-01.
Further reading edit
- The Philogelos or Laughter-Lover (London Studies in Classical Philology Series, 10) by Barry Baldwin 1983, ISBN 978-90-70265-45-8
- Philogelos: Hieroclis et Philagrii facetiae by A. Eberhard (1869) Berlin: H. Ebeling & C. Plahn
- Ἱεροκλέους και Φιλαγρίου (Hierokles kai Philagrios). G. Pachymeris declamationes XIII quarum XII ineditae, Hieroclis et Philagrii grammaticorum φιλόγελως longe maximam partem ineditus by Jean François Boissonade de Fontarabie (1848) Paris
- Philogelos, Antike Witze, Greek and German by Kai Brodersen Wiesbaden: Marix 2016, ISBN 978-3-7374-1038-0
External links edit
- Φιλόγελως, Bibliotheca Augustana, E-text (Greek)
- Philogelos: Hieroclis et Philagrii Facetiae, Google Books (Greek)
- 45 Jokes from The Laughter Lover
- The Jests of Hierocles and Philagrius, Internet Archive (English)
- Philogelos: The Laugh Addict: The World's Oldest Joke Book, Internet Archive (English)
- The World's Oldest Surviving Joke Book, with discussion of its authorship, context, style, and purpose