Observability is a measure of how well internal states of a system can be inferred from knowledge of its external outputs. In control theory, the observability and controllability of a linear system are mathematical duals.

The concept of observability was introduced by the Hungarian-American engineer Rudolf E. Kálmán for linear dynamic systems.[1][2] A dynamical system designed to estimate the state of a system from measurements of the outputs is called a state observer for that system, such as Kalman filters.

Definition

edit

Consider a physical system modeled in state-space representation. A system is said to be observable if, for every possible evolution of state and control vectors, the current state can be estimated using only the information from outputs (physically, this generally corresponds to information obtained by sensors). In other words, one can determine the behavior of the entire system from the system's outputs. On the other hand, if the system is not observable, there are state trajectories that are not distinguishable by only measuring the outputs.

Linear time-invariant systems

edit

For time-invariant linear systems in the state space representation, there are convenient tests to check whether a system is observable. Consider a SISO system with   state variables (see state space for details about MIMO systems) given by

 
 

Observability matrix

edit

If and only if the column rank of the observability matrix, defined as

 

is equal to  , then the system is observable. The rationale for this test is that if   columns are linearly independent, then each of the   state variables is viewable through linear combinations of the output variables  .

edit

Observability index

edit

The observability index   of a linear time-invariant discrete system is the smallest natural number for which the following is satisfied:  , where

 

Unobservable subspace

edit

The unobservable subspace   of the linear system is the kernel of the linear map   given by[3]

 

where   is the set of continuous functions from   to  .   can also be written as [3]

 

Since the system is observable if and only if  , the system is observable if and only if   is the zero subspace.

The following properties for the unobservable subspace are valid:[3]

  •  
  •  
  •  

Detectability

edit

A slightly weaker notion than observability is detectability. A system is detectable if all the unobservable states are stable.[4]

Detectability conditions are important in the context of sensor networks.[5][6]

Linear time-varying systems

edit

Consider the continuous linear time-variant system

 
 

Suppose that the matrices  ,   and   are given as well as inputs and outputs   and   for all   then it is possible to determine   to within an additive constant vector which lies in the null space of   defined by

 

where   is the state-transition matrix.

It is possible to determine a unique   if   is nonsingular. In fact, it is not possible to distinguish the initial state for   from that of   if   is in the null space of  .

Note that the matrix   defined as above has the following properties:

 
  •   satisfies the equation
 [7]

Observability matrix generalization

edit

The system is observable in   if and only if there exists an interval   in   such that the matrix   is nonsingular.

If   are analytic, then the system is observable in the interval [ , ] if there exists   and a positive integer k such that[8]

 

where   and   is defined recursively as

 

Example

edit

Consider a system varying analytically in   and matrices

 

Then   , and since this matrix has rank = 3, the system is observable on every nontrivial interval of  .

Nonlinear systems

edit

Given the system  ,  . Where   the state vector,   the input vector and   the output vector.   are to be smooth vector fields.

Define the observation space   to be the space containing all repeated Lie derivatives, then the system is observable in   if and only if  , where

 [9]

Early criteria for observability in nonlinear dynamic systems were discovered by Griffith and Kumar,[10] Kou, Elliot and Tarn,[11] and Singh.[12]

There also exist an observability criteria for nonlinear time-varying systems.[13]

Static systems and general topological spaces

edit

Observability may also be characterized for steady state systems (systems typically defined in terms of algebraic equations and inequalities), or more generally, for sets in  .[14][15] Just as observability criteria are used to predict the behavior of Kalman filters or other observers in the dynamic system case, observability criteria for sets in   are used to predict the behavior of data reconciliation and other static estimators. In the nonlinear case, observability can be characterized for individual variables, and also for local estimator behavior rather than just global behavior.

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ Kalman, R.E. (1960). "On the general theory of control systems". IFAC Proceedings Volumes. 1: 491–502. doi:10.1016/S1474-6670(17)70094-8.
  2. ^ Kalman, R. E. (1963). "Mathematical Description of Linear Dynamical Systems". Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Series A: Control. 1 (2): 152–192. doi:10.1137/0301010.
  3. ^ a b c Sontag, E.D., "Mathematical Control Theory", Texts in Applied Mathematics, 1998
  4. ^ "Controllability and Observability" (PDF). Retrieved 2024-05-19.
  5. ^ Li, W.; Wei, G.; Ho, D. W. C.; Ding, D. (November 2018). "A Weightedly Uniform Detectability for Sensor Networks". IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems. 29 (11): 5790–5796. doi:10.1109/TNNLS.2018.2817244. PMID 29993845. S2CID 51615852.
  6. ^ Li, W.; Wang, Z.; Ho, D. W. C.; Wei, G. (2019). "On Boundedness of Error Covariances for Kalman Consensus Filtering Problems". IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control. 65 (6): 2654–2661. doi:10.1109/TAC.2019.2942826. S2CID 204196474.
  7. ^ Brockett, Roger W. (1970). Finite Dimensional Linear Systems. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-10585-5.
  8. ^ Eduardo D. Sontag, Mathematical Control Theory: Deterministic Finite Dimensional Systems.
  9. ^ Lecture notes for Nonlinear Systems Theory by prof. dr. D.Jeltsema, prof dr. J.M.A.Scherpen and prof dr. A.J.van der Schaft.
  10. ^ Griffith, E. W.; Kumar, K. S. P. (1971). "On the observability of nonlinear systems: I". Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications. 35: 135–147. doi:10.1016/0022-247X(71)90241-1.
  11. ^ Kou, Shauying R.; Elliott, David L.; Tarn, Tzyh Jong (1973). "Observability of nonlinear systems". Information and Control. 22: 89–99. doi:10.1016/S0019-9958(73)90508-1.
  12. ^ Singh, Sahjendra N. (1975). "Observability in non-linear systems with immeasurable inputs". International Journal of Systems Science. 6 (8): 723–732. doi:10.1080/00207727508941856.
  13. ^ Martinelli, Agostino (2022). "Extension of the Observability Rank Condition to Time-Varying Nonlinear Systems". IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control. 67 (9): 5002–5008. doi:10.1109/TAC.2022.3180771. ISSN 0018-9286. S2CID 251957578.
  14. ^ Stanley, G. M.; Mah, R. S. H. (1981). "Observability and redundancy in process data estimation" (PDF). Chemical Engineering Science. 36 (2): 259–272. Bibcode:1981ChEnS..36..259S. doi:10.1016/0009-2509(81)85004-X.
  15. ^ Stanley, G.M.; Mah, R.S.H. (1981). "Observability and redundancy classification in process networks" (PDF). Chemical Engineering Science. 36 (12): 1941–1954. doi:10.1016/0009-2509(81)80034-6.
edit