A new religious movement (NRM) is a religious, ethical, or spiritual group or community with practices of relatively modern[clarification needed] origins. NRMs may be novel in origin or they may exist on the fringes of a wider religion, in which case they will be distinct from pre-existing denominations. Academics identify a variety of characteristics which they employ in categorizing groups as new religious movements. The term is broad and inclusive, rather than sharply defined. New religious movements are generally seen as syncretic, employing human and material assets to disseminate their ideas and worldviews, deviating in some degree from a society's traditional forms or doctrines, focused especially upon the self, and having a peripheral relationship that exists in a state of tension with established societal conventions.[1]: 29 [2][3]
A NRM may be one of a wide range of movements ranging from those with loose affiliations based on novel approaches to spirituality or religion to communitarian enterprises that demand a considerable amount of group conformity and a social identity that separates their adherents from mainstream society. Use of the term NRM is not universally accepted among the groups to which it is applied.[4] Scholars have estimated that NRMs now number in the tens of thousands worldwide. Most have only a few members, some have thousands, and very few have more than a million.[5]: 17 Academics occasionally propose amendments to technical definitions and continue to add new groups.[1]: vii–xv
List edit
Name | Founder | Founded | Type | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
3HO | Harbhajan Singh Khalsa | 1969 |
Sikh | [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]: 131 |
Adidam, previously Free Daist Communion, Dawn Horse Fellowship, etc. | Adi Da | 1972 |
Neo-Hindu-inspired | [Clarke 2006]: 2–3 [Jones & Ryan 2007]: 6–7 [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]: 146, 6–7 [Lewis 1998]: 25–28 |
Adonai-Shomo | Frederick T. Howland | 1861 |
Adventist Communal |
[Melton 2003]: 707 [Lewis 1998]: 28 |
Adonism | Franz Sättler | 1925 |
Modern Pagan | [6]: 4 |
Adventures in Enlightenment, A Foundation | Terry Cole-Whittaker | 1985 |
Religious Science | [Lewis 1998]: 28–29 |
Aetherius Society | George King | 1954 |
UFO-Christian | [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]: 3 [Lewis 1998]: 29–31 [7]: 25–26 |
The African Church | Jacob Kehinde Coker | 1901 |
Anglican | [Chryssides 2001]: 26 [8] |
African initiated churches | Multiple | 1800s |
Syncretistic Christian-Indigenous | [Chryssides 2001]: 26–27 |
African Theological Archministry, previously Order of Damballah Hwedo Ancestor Priests, Shango Temple, and Yoruba Temple | Walter Eugene King | 1973 |
Afro-American Voodoo |
[Melton 2003]: 934 [Lewis 1998]: 31 |
Agasha Temple of Wisdom | Richard Zenor | 1943 |
Spiritualism | [Melton 2003]: 764 [Lewis 1998]: 32 |
Agni Yoga (Roerichism) | Helena Roerich, Nicholas Roerich | 1920 |
Neo-Theosophical | [Melton 2003]: 876 [Lewis 1998]: 32 [Jones & Ryan 2007]: 16–17 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 6 |
Ahmadi Religion of Peace and Light | Abdullah Hashem | 2015 |
Shia Islam-Millenarian | [9] |
Ahmadiyya | Mirza Ghulam Ahmad | 1889 |
Messianic Islam | [Lewis 1998]: 32–33 [Chryssides 2001]: 27–28 [Melton 2003]: 985 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 6 |
Aiyy Faith, previously Kut-Siur: 62 | Lazar Afanasyev alias Téris | 1990 |
Modern Pagan Neo-Tengrist |
[10]: 62 [10]: 57 |
Aladura | Josiah Ositelu | 1930 |
Pentecostal | [Melton 2003][Chryssides 2001]: 28–29, 517 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 7 |
Alamo Christian Foundation, a.k.a. Alamo Christian Church, Consecrated, Alamo Christian Ministries, and Music Square Church | Tony Alamo; Susan Alamo | 1969 |
Fundamentalist Communal |
[Lewis 1998]: 33–34 [Chryssides 2001]: 29 [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]: 13 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 7 |
Altruria | Edward Biron Payne | 1894 |
Christian Communal |
[Melton 2003]: 707 [Lewis 1998]: 34–35 |
American Buddhist Movement | 1980 |
Western Buddhism | [Melton 2003]: 1116 [Lewis 1998]: 35–36 | |
American Buddhist Society and Fellowship, Inc. | Robert Ernest Dickhoff | 1945 |
Tibetan Buddhism | [Melton 2003]: 1102 [Lewis 1998]: 36 |
American World Patriarchs | Uladyslau Ryzy-Ryski | 1972 |
Eastern Orthodox | [Melton 2003]: 309 [Lewis 1998]: 37–38 |
Amica Temple of Radiance | Ivah Berg Whitten | 1932 |
Neo-Theosophical | [Melton 2003]: 876 [Lewis 1998]: 38 |
Ananda Ashrama | Paramananda | 1923 |
Neo-Hindu Neo-Vedanta |
[Jones & Ryan 2007]: 29–30 |
Ananda Marga | Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar | 1955 |
Neo-Hindu Tantric |
[Melton 2003]: 1001 [Jones & Ryan 2007]: 30–31 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 11 [Lewis 1998]: 41 [Chryssides 2001]: 30–31 [11]: 370 |
Ananda movement, incl. Ananda World Brotherhood Colonies and Ananda Church of Self-Realization | Kriyananda | 1968 |
Neo-Hindu Self-Realization Fellowship |
[Jones & Ryan 2007]: 33–34 |
Anandamayee Sangha, officially, Shree Shree Anandamayee Sangha | Anandamayi Ma | 1920s |
Neo-Hindu | [Jones & Ryan 2007]: 32 |
Ancient British Church in North America | Jonathan V. Zotique | 1976 |
Homosexually oriented Christian | [Melton 2003]: 1142 [Lewis 1998]: 43 |
Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis | H. Spencer Lewis | 1915 |
Rosicrucianism | [Lewis 1998]: 42–43 [Chryssides 2001]: 31 [Melton 2003]: 841 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 11 |
Ancient Teachings of the Masters (ATOM) | Darwin Gross | 1983 |
Sant Mat Eckankar |
[Melton 2003]: 1054 [Clarke 2006]: 32–33, 508 [Lewis 1998]: 43 |
Anglo-Saxon Federation of America | Howard B. Rand | 1928 |
British Israelism | [Melton 2003]: 651 [Lewis 1998]: 43–44 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 13 |
Ansaaru Allah Community | As Siddid Al Imaan Al Haahi Al Mahdi | 1960s, late |
Black Islam | [Melton 2003]: 986–987, 986–987 [Lewis 1998]: 44 |
Ant Hill Kids, a.k.a. Holy Moses Mountain Family | Roch Thériault | 1977 |
Seventh-day Adventist | [12][13] |
Anthroposophy (Anthroposophical Society) | Rudolf Steiner | 1912 |
Western esotericism | [Chryssides 2001]: 33–34 [Lewis 1998]: 44–47 [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]: 20 [14]: 41 |
Antiochian Catholic Church in America | Gordon Mar Peter | 1980s |
Independent Catholic Monophysite |
[Melton 2003]: 241 [Lewis 1998]: 47 |
Antoinism | Louis-Joseph Antoine | 1910 |
Christian Healing | [Beit-Hallahmi 1992] |
Apostles of Infinite Love, a.k.a. The Order of Magnificat of the Mother of God | Michel Collin, Jean-Gaston Tremblay |
1961 |
Catholic | [15] |
Apostolic Christian Church (Nazarean) | Samuel Heinrich Froehlich | 1906 |
European Free-Church | [Melton 2003]: 548 [Lewis 1998]: 47–48 |
Apostolic Christian Church of America | Samuel Heinrich Froehlich | 1830 |
European Free-Church | [Melton 2003]: 548 [Lewis 1998]: 47–48 |
Apostolic Church | Daniel Powell Williams | 1916 |
Pentecostal | [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]: 23 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 15 |
Apostolic Church of Christ (Pentecostal) | Johnnie Draft; Wallace Snow | 1969 |
Apostolic Pentecostal | [Melton 2003]: 464 [Lewis 1998]: 48 |
Apostolic Overcoming Holy Church of God | William Thomas Phillips | 1920 |
Apostolic Pentecostal | [Melton 2003]: 465 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 16 |
Arcane School | Alice and Foster Bailey | 1937 |
Neo-Theosophical | [Melton 2003]: 857 [Chryssides 2001]: 38 |
Arica School | Oscar Ichazo | 1968 |
Sufism | [Melton 2003]: 971 [Chryssides 2001]: 38–39 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 17 |
Art of Living Foundation, a.k.a. Association for Inner Growth and 'Ved Vignan Maha Vidya Preeth' | Ravi Shankar | 1981/1982 |
Neo-Hindu | [Jones & Ryan 2007]: 45–46 [Melton 2003]: 1004 |
Arya Samaj | Dayananda Saraswati | 1875 |
Neo-Hindu | [Melton 2003]: 1004 [Chryssides 2001]: 40–41 [Jones & Ryan 2007]: 45–46 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 18 |
Aryan Nations, a.k.a. Church of Jesus Christ–Christian | Wesley Swift | 1940s, late |
British Israelism | [Melton 2003]: 654 [Chryssides 2001]: 91 |
Ásatrú Folk Assembly | Stephen McNallen | 1970s |
Modern Pagan Polytheistic reconstructionism Heathenry |
[16] |
Assemblies of God | merger | 1914 |
Pentecostal | [17]: 106 [Chryssides 2001]: 41–42 [Clarke 2006]: 48 [17]: 106 |
Assemblies of the Lord Jesus Christ | merger | 1952 |
Apostolic Pentecostal | [Melton 2003]: 466 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 18 |
Assembly of Christian Soldiers | Jessie L. Thrift | 1971 |
Christian Identity Ku Klux Klan |
[Melton 2003]: 1131 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 21 |
Assembly of Man | Franklin Merrell-Wolff | 1928 |
Eastern and Western esotericism | [18] |
Association for Research and Enlightenment | Edgar Cayce | 1931 |
Occult | [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]: 31 [Chryssides 2001]: 42–43 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 21 |
Association of Vineyard Churches, a.k.a. Vineyard Movement | John Wimber | 1982 |
Neo-charismatic Trinitarian Pentecostal |
[Melton 2003]: 446 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 316 |
Aumism | Gilbert Bourdin | 1969 |
Syncretistic Esoteric-Hinduism | [19]: 217 [19]: 222, 218 [19]: 215 |
Aum Shinrikyo, a.k.a. Aleph | Shoko Asahara | 1987 |
Japanese Japanese Buddhism |
[Melton 2003]: 1073 [20] [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 23 [Chryssides 2001]: 44–45 [21] |
Ausar Auset Society | R.A. Straughn | 1970s, mid |
Rosicrucianism | [Melton 2003]: 842 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 24 |
Azali or Azali Babi | Subh-i-Azal | 1863 |
Babism | [22]: 246 |
Bábism | Báb (Ali Muhammad Shirazi) | 1844 |
Shia Islam-Millenarian | [23] [Lewis 1998]: 58 [23][24]: 180 |
Baháʼí Faith | Bahá'u'lláh (Mírzá Ḥusayn-'Alí Nuri) | 1863 |
Babism-Millenarian | [Chryssides 2001]: 48–49 [Clarke 2006]: 58–56 [Melton 2003]: 992 [25] [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 25–26 [Miller 1995]: 243–248 |
Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship | Bawa Muhaiyaddeen | 1971 |
Sufism | [Melton 2003]: 972 [Chryssides 2001]: 50–51 |
Bethel Ministerial Association | Albert Franklin Varnell | 1934 |
Apostolic Pentecostal | [Melton 2003]: 466 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 32 |
Bible Presbyterian Church | Carl McIntire | 1938 |
Reformed Presbyterian | [Melton 2003]: 370 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 33 |
Bible Way Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ | schism | 1957 |
Apostolic Pentecostal | [Melton 2003]: 466 [Lewis 1998]: 77 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 34 |
Biosophy | Ignaz Paul Vitalis Troxler, F. W. J. Schelling | 1806 |
[26][27] | |
Blackburn Cult, a.k.a. Divine Order of the Royal Arms of the Great Eleven | May Otis Blackburn | 1922 |
Modern Pagan New Thought |
[28]: 1 [28]: 35 |
Brahma Kumaris | Dada Lekhraj | 1936/1937 |
Neo-Hindu | [Chryssides 2001]: 56–57 [29] [Melton 2003]: 1006 [Jones & Ryan 2007]: 89–91 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 37 |
Brahmo Samaj, a.k.a. Adi Dharm | Ram Mohan Roy | 1828 |
Neo-Hindu Unitarian Universal |
[Jones & Ryan 2007]: 92–93 [30]: 1:1028–30, 93 [31] |
Brahmoism (Brahmo Dharma) | Debendranath Tagore | 1848/1850 |
Neo-Hindu Unitarian Universal |
[31]: 43–57 |
Branch Davidians | Benjamin Roden | 1930 |
Seventh-day Adventist Shepherd's Rod |
[Melton 2003]: 617 [Chryssides 2001]: 59 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 38 |
Branhamism | William M. Branham | 1951 |
Pentecostal | [Nichols, Mather & Schmidt 2006]: 37–40 |
Breatharians a.k.a. Inedia | Wiley Brooks | 1970s |
Hindu-influenced | [Chryssides 2001]: 60–61 [32]: 30 |
The Brethren (Jim Roberts group), a.k.a. The Body of Christ and The Garbage Eaters | Jimmie T. Roberts | 1970, circa |
Unclassified Christian Churches | [Melton 2003]: 1131–1132 |
British Israelism, a.k.a. Anglo-Israelism | 1870s |
[Chryssides 2001]: 61–62 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 39–40 | ||
Bruderhof, a.k.a. the Hutterian Brethren and Hutterian Society of Brothers | Eberhard Arnold | 1920, circa |
Communal | [Melton 2003]: 709 [Chryssides 2001]: 63–64 [33]: 709 |
Brunstad Christian Church | Johan Oscar Smith | 1905 |
Evangelical Non-denominational Christian |
[34] [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 269–270 [34] |
Builders of the Adytum | Paul Foster Case | 1922 |
Ritual magic | [Melton 2003]: 891 [Chryssides 2001]: 67–68 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 41–42 |
Burkhanism or Ak Jang | Chet Chelpan; Chugul Sarok Chandyk | 1904 |
Altaian Millenarian-Indigenist Tengrist |
[35] |
Cao Dai, a.k.a. Dai Dao Tam Ky Pho Do | Ngô Văn Chiêu, Lê Văn Trung | 1919 |
Syncretistic Vietnamese Millenarian |
[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]: 61 [Chryssides 2001]: 69–70 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 44 |
Cargo cults | 1885 |
Syncretistic Millenarian-Indigenist |
[Chryssides 2001]: 70 [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]: 62 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 45 | |
Carlebach movement | Shlomo Carlebach | 1960s, late |
Neo-Hasidic Rabbinic Judaism | [30]: 7:4868–74 |
Celestial Church of Christ | Samuel Oshoffa | 1947 |
Indigenist Pentecostal |
[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]: 64 [Chryssides 2001]: 73 |
The Centers Network | 1981 | [Chryssides 2001]: 73–74 | ||
Chabad, a.k.a. Chabad-Lubavitch | Shneur Zalman of Liadi | 1775 |
Hasidic Rabbinic Judaism | [Chryssides 2001]: 70 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 206,368 |
Charismatic Movement, a.k.a. neo-Pentecostalism | 1950s/1960s |
Charismatic Christian | [Clarke 2006]: 106–108 [36] [Nichols, Mather & Schmidt 2006]: 70 [Chryssides 2001]: 78 | |
Chen Tao, a.k.a. God's Salvation Church and God Saves the Earth Flying Saucer Foundation | Hon-Ming Chen | 1955 |
UFO religion | [Chryssides 2001]: 78–79 [37] |
Cheondoism, a.k.a. Chendogyo | Choe Je-u | 1905 |
[Chryssides 2001]: 80–81 | |
Cherubim and Seraphim, a.k.a. Sacred Cherubim and Seraphim Society and Eternal Sacred Order of Cherubim and Seraphim | Moses Orimolade Tunolase | 1925, circa |
African Pentecostal | [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]: 65 [Chryssides 2001]: 79 |
Children of Thunder | Glenn Taylor Helzer | 2000 |
Latter-day Saint Movement | [38] |
Christ Apostolic Church | Joseph Ayo Babalola | 1941 |
Pentecostal | [Melton 2003]: 479 [Chryssides 2001]: 82–83 |
Christadelphians, a.k.a. Thomasites | John Thomas | 1844 |
Baptist family Restorationism |
[Chryssides 2001]: 81–82 [Nichols, Mather & Schmidt 2006]: 48 [Melton 2003]: 107 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 50 |
The Christian Community, a.k.a. the Christian Community Church and Christengemeinschaft | Rudolf Steiner Friedrich Rittelmeyer |
1922 |
Anthroposophy | [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]: 70 [Chryssides 2001]: 83 |
Christian Identity, a.k.a. the Identity Movement | 1870s |
1940s |
British Israelism | [Melton 2003]: 652 [39]: 48 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 138 [Chryssides 2001]: 84 [Clarke 2006]: 291–92 [40]: 387 |
Christian Reformed Church in North America | Gijsbert Haan | 1857 |
Reformed Presbyterian | [Melton 2003]: 365 [Chryssides 2001]: 86 |
Christian Science | Mary Baker Eddy | 1876 |
Christian Faith healing New Thought |
[Chryssides 2001]: 86–87. [Melton 2003]: 741 [41] |
Christian World Liberation Front, a.k.a. the Spiritual Counterfeits Project | Jack Sparks, Fred Dyson, Pat Matrisciana |
1969 |
Christian Fundamentalist-Millenarian | [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]: 76 [Chryssides 2001]: 87–88 |
Church of All Worlds | Tim Zell, Lance Christie |
1962 |
Witchcraft Modern Pagan |
[Melton 2003]: 909 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 58 [Chryssides 2001]: 88–89 |
Church of Aphrodite (defunct) | Gleb Botkin | 1939 |
Witchcraft Modern Pagan |
[Melton 2003]: 911 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 58 |
Church of Bible Understanding | Stewart Traill | 1971 |
Adventist Fundamentalist |
[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]: 79 [Chryssides 2001]: 89–90 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 59 |
Church of Euthanasia | Chris Korda, Robert Kimberk |
1992 |
Parody Religion | [42] |
Church of Daniel's Band | 1893 |
Non-Episcopal Methodism | [Melton 2003]: 395 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 61 | |
Church of Divine Science | Malinda Cramer | 1888 |
New Thought Faith healing |
[Miller 1995]: 326 |
Church of God in Christ | Charles H. Mason | 1908 |
Pentecostal | [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]: 85 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 62 |
The Church of God (Jerusalem Acres) | Grady R. Kent | 1957 |
White Trinitarian Holiness Pentecostal | [Melton 2003]: 437 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 62 |
Church of God Mountain Assembly | J.H. Parks, Steve N. Bryant, Tom Moses, and William O. Douglas |
1906 |
White Trinitarian Holiness Pentecostal | [Melton 2003]: 437 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 63, 65 |
Church of God of Prophecy | Ambrose Tomlinson | 1903 |
White Trinitarian Holiness Pentecostal | [Melton 2003]: 438 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 62–63 |
Church of God with Signs Following | George Went Hensley | 1920s |
Holiness Pentecostal | [Melton 2003]: 489 [Chryssides 2006]: 300–301 |
Church of Israel | Dan Gayman | 1974 |
British Israelism | [Melton 2003]: 653 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 65 |
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints | Joseph Smith | 1830 |
Latter-day Saint Movement-Millenarian | |
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite) | Joseph Smith James Strang |
1844 |
Latter-day Saint Movement | [43] |
The Church of Light | C.C. Zain | 1932 |
neo-Hermetism | [Lewis 1998]: 210–211 [44]: 105–106 |
Church of Satan | Anton LaVey | 1966 |
Satanism | [Clarke 2006]: 508–509 [Chryssides 2001]: 91–92 [Miller 1995]: 401–410 |
Church of the SubGenius | J.R. "Bob" Dobbs | 1979 |
Parody | |
Church of the Creator | Rev. Dr. Grace Marama URI | 1969 |
Liberal family | [Melton 2003]: 668 |
Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster or Pastafarianism | Bobby Henderson | 2005 |
Parody | [45][46] |
Church of the Living Word, also known as The Walk | John Robert Stevens | 1954 |
Fundamentalist Occult |
[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]: 386 [Chryssides 2001]: 92–93 |
Church of the Lord (Aladura) | Josiah Ositelu | 1930 |
Pentecostal Family | [Melton 2003]: 517 [Chryssides 2001]: 93 |
Church of World Messianity | Mokichi Okada | 1934 |
Shinto Faith healing |
[Melton 2003]: 1120 [Chryssides 2001]: 94 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 94, 371 |
Church Universal and Triumphant | Mark Prophet, Elizabeth Clare (Wolf) Prophet |
1958 |
Theosophical Occult |
[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]: 97 [Chryssides 2001]: 94–95 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 281 |
Collegiate Association for the Research of Principles, also known as CARP | Sun Myung Moon | 1955 |
Unification Church | [47] [Chryssides 2001]: 71 [48] |
Commandment Keepers: Holy Church of the Living God | Arnold Josiah Ford | 1924 |
Black Judaism | [Melton 2003]: 951 [Lewis 1998]: 180 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 74 |
Community Chapel and Bible Training Center | Donald Lee Barnett | 1967 |
Latter Rain Pentecostal |
[Melton 2003]: 496 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 75 |
Concerned Christians | Monte Kim Miller | 1980s |
[Chryssides 2001]: 96 [49] | |
Conservative Judaism | Sabato Morais, Marcus Jastrow, H. Pereira Mendes |
1887 |
Rabbinic Judaism | [Melton 2003]: 943 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 76 [Chryssides 2001]: 97 |
Core Shamanism, The Foundation for Shamanic Studies | Michael Harner | 1980 |
Neoshamanism | [Clarke 2006]: 580 [50] |
Covenant of the Goddess | merger | 1975 |
Goddess Witchcraft Modern Pagan |
[Melton 2003]: 915 [Chryssides 2001]: 48–49 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 98 |
Covenant of Unitarian Universalist Pagans | Margot Adler | 1987 |
Witchcraft Modern Pagan |
[Melton 2003]: 915 [Chryssides 2001]: 99 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 99 |
The Covenant, the Sword, and the Arm of the Lord | James D. Ellison | 1970s, mid |
British Israelism | [Chryssides 2001]: 99–100 [Melton 2003]: 654 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 78 |
Creativity | Ben Klassen | 1970s, early |
Pantheism Agnostic Atheism White Racialism. |
[51] |
Crossroads Movement | 1970s |
[Chryssides 2006]: 100 [Chryssides 2001]: 100 | ||
Cyberchurches | 2000s, early |
Non-denominational Christian | [Chryssides 2001]: 103 | |
Dalit Buddhist Movement, also known as the Neo-Buddhist movement or Navayana Buddhist movement | B. R. Ambedkar | 1956 |
Neo-Buddhism (Navayana) | |
Dances of Universal Peace | Samuel L. Lewis | 1968 |
[52] | |
Dianic Wicca | merger | 1971 |
Witchcraft Modern Pagan |
[Melton 2003]: 916 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 84 |
Discordianism | Greg Hill, Kerry Wendell Thornley | 1963 |
Absurdism, Greek Mythology | [53] |
Eastern Lightning, a.k.a. the Church of Almighty God | Yang Xiangbin, Zhao Weishan |
1991 |
Chinese house churches | [54]: 97 [55]: 71 [56]: 96 [54][55]: 1 |
Eckankar or ECK | Paul Twitchell | 1965/1971 |
Derived from Radha Soami but denies connection | [Clarke 2006]: 178–79 [Jones & Ryan 2007]: 144–146, 384 [Melton 2003]: 1056, 144, 384, 144, 508 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 91 |
Efficacious Spirit Teachings, a.k.a. Spirit Church and The Lingling Sect | Hua Xuehe | 1986 |
Pentecostalism | [57]: 43 [58]: 123 [57]: 42 [59]: 43 |
Elan Vital, formerly Divine Light Mission | Hans Ji Maharaj | 1920s |
Derived from Sant Mat but denies connection | [Melton 2003]: 1055 [Jones & Ryan 2007]: 384 [Clarke 2006]: 508 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 85–86, 167 [29]: 126 [60]: 156 |
Emin | Raymond Armin | 1971 |
New Age | |
End Time Survivors Jesus Christians | David McKay | 1981 | Fundamentalist Millennialism | [61][62] |
Esoteric Nazism | 1940s, late |
Occult Western esotericism |
[14][63]: 17 | |
Est (Erhard Seminars Training) | Werner Erhard | 1981 |
Human Potential Movement Self religions |
[64][65]: 193 [66][67]: 167, 171–172 [5]: 35 [68] [Nichols, Mather & Schmidt 2006]: 108, 107–108 [1]: 44 [29]: 126–127 |
Evangelical Association of the Israelite Mission of the New Universal Covenant | Ezequiel Ataucusi Gamonal | 1968 |
Syncretistic Messianic Judaism-Indigenous | [69] |
Evangelical Methodist Church | J.H. Hamblen | 1946 |
Non-Episcopal Methodist | [Melton 2003]: 396 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 97 |
Falun Gong | Li Hongzhi | 1992 |
Qigong movement | [Melton 2003]: 1126 [70] |
Family International, previously the Children of God, the Family of Love and the Family | David Berg | 1968 |
Fundamentalist, Jesus movement countercultural evangelical |
[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]: 133 [Clarke 2006]: 185 [71][29]: 126 [71] |
Fellowship of Isis | Olivia Robertson | 1976 |
Modern Pagan Goddess |
[Melton 2003]: 888 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 103 |
Fellowships of the Remnant | Denver Snuffer Jr. | 2013 |
Latter-day Saint Movement | |
Feraferia | Frederick Adams | 1967 |
Modern Pagan Goddess |
[72] |
Findhorn Foundation | Eileen Caddy, Peter Caddy, Alexis Edwards, Roger Benson |
1963 |
Christian-Anthroposophistical-Rosicrucian | [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]: 138 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 104 |
Fire Baptized Holiness Church of God of the Americas | W.E. Fuller | 1898 |
Black Trinitarian Pentecostal | [Melton 2003]: 482 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 104 |
First Satanic Church | Karla LaVey | 1997 |
Satanism | [73]: 701 |
Followers of Christ | Marion Reece (or Riess) | 1800s, late |
Unclassified Pentecostal | [Melton 2003]: 1137 [74] |
Fourth Way | George Gurdjieff | 1913–1916 |
Esoteric Esoteric Sufism |
[Clarke 2006]: 245–47 [14]: 42 [Miller 1995]: 259–266 |
Fraternitas Rosae Crucis | Paschal Beverly Randolph | 1858 |
Rosicrucianism | [Melton 2003]: 843 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 108 |
Fraternity of the Inner Light | Dion Fortune | 1924 |
neo-Hermeticism Esoteric Christianity |
[Clarke 2006]: 217–219 |
Freedomites | 1902 |
[Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 272 | ||
Friends of the Western Buddhist Order (FWBO), now a.k.a. Triratna Buddhist Community | Sangharakshita (Dennis Lingwood) | 1967 |
Neo-Buddhism | [75] |
Fundamentalist Christianity | 1800s, late |
Christian | [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 113–114 | |
Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints | Lorin C. Woolley | 1929 |
Latter-day Saint Movement | [76] |
General Church of the New Jerusalem | schism | 1890 |
Swedenborgianism | [Melton 2003]: 763 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 117 |
The Genesis II Church of Health and Healing | Jim Humble | 2009/2010 |
UFO-New Age inspired Pseudoscience |
[77][78][79][80] |
Gentle Wind Project | John "Tubby" Miller and Mary "Moe" Miller | 1980 |
Spiritualism | [81] |
Ghost Dance | 1889 |
Native American religion | [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 119 | |
Global Peace Foundation | Hyun Jin Moon | 2007 |
Unification Church | [82][83] |
Godianism, a.k.a. Chiism | K. O. K. Onyioha | 1949 |
African Indigenist Modern Pagan | [Clarke 2006]: 242–43 |
Grail Movement | Oskar Ernst Bernhardt | 1924 |
Syncretistic Christian New Age Channeling |
[Melton 2003]: 786 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 122–123 |
Hanuman Foundation | Richard Alpert (Ram Dass) | 1974/1980 |
Neo-Hindu | [Nichols, Mather & Schmidt 2006]: 51 [Jones & Ryan 2007]: 178 [Melton 2003]: 1013 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 129 |
Happy Science (Kofuku-no-Kagaku) | Ryuho Okawa | 1986 |
Japanese | [84] |
Heaven's Gate formerly Human Individual Metamorphosis and Total Overcomers Anonymous | Marshall Herff Applewhite, Bonnie Lu Nettles |
1973 |
Syncretistic Christian New Age UFO religion |
[85][86]: 17 [85][87]: 71 |
Hikari no Wa | Fumihiro Joyu | 2007 |
Aum Shinrikyo | [88]: 29 |
Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy | Swami Rama | 1971 |
Hindu | [Melton 2003]: 1014 [Jones & Ryan 2007]: 183–184 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 133 |
House of Israel | David Hill a.k.a. Rabbi Edward Washington | 1972 |
Black Hebrew Israelites | [89] |
Humanistic Judaism | Sherwin Wine | 1965 |
Nontheistic Rabbinic Judaism | [Clarke 2006]: 288–89 |
Human Sacrifices Sect of Nacozari | Silvia Meraz | 2009 |
Santa Muerte | [90] |
Huna | Max Freedom Long | 1936 |
New Thought New Age Hawaiian religion |
[Lewis 1998]: 406–407 |
I AM Activity | Guy Ballard, Edna Anne Wheeler Ballard | 1930s, early |
Neo-Theosophical | [Melton 2003]: 873 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 138 |
Iglesia ni Cristo | Felix Manalo | 1913, formally 1914 |
Restorationism Nontrinitarian Fundamentalist |
[Clarke 2006]: 292–93 |
Isha Foundation | Jaggi Vasudev | 1992 |
Hindu | [91] |
Indian Shaker Church | John and Marry Slocum | 1881 |
Native American and Christian | |
Independent Fundamental Churches of America | R. Lee Kirkland | 1922 |
Unaffiliated Fundamentalist | [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]: 179 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 142 |
Insight Meditation Society | Jack Kornfield, Sharon Salzberg, Joseph Goldstein |
1976 |
Theravada Buddhism | [Melton 2003]: 1067 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 143 |
International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), a.k.a. Hare Krishna movement | A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada | 1966 |
Hindu | [Jones & Ryan 2007]: 199 |
International House of Prayer, a.k.a. IHOP or IHOPKC | Mike Bickle | 1999 |
Charismatic Movement Post-tribulational Historic premillennialism |
|
International Church of the Foursquare Gospel | Aimee Semple McPherson | 1923 |
White Trinitarian Pentecostal | [Melton 2003]: 451 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 108 |
International Community of Christ, a.k.a. Church of the Second Advent (CSA) and Jamilians | Eugene Douglas Savoy | 1972 |
New Age | [Nichols, Mather & Schmidt 2006]: 139 |
Iriadamant | Pierre Doris Maltais | 1973 |
Animism Native American religions Spiritual ecology |
[92] |
ISKCON Revival Movement (IRM) | ? | 2000 |
Neo-Hindu ISKCON |
[Jones & Ryan 2007]: 199–200, 78 |
Ivanovism (the Ivanovites) | Porfiry Ivanov | 1933 |
Syncretistic Modern Pagan Slavic Native Faith |
[93]: 128–145 |
Jediism | 2000s |
Star Wars-inspired New Age |
[94]: 62 [94]: 62 | |
Jehovah's Witnesses | Charles Taze Russell | 1870 |
Adventist Bible Students Nontrinitarian |
[Melton 2003]: 637 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 150, 152–153 |
Jesus Army, a.k.a. "Jesus Fellowship Church" and "Bugbrooke Jesus Fellowship" | Noel Stanton | 1977 |
Fundamentalist Communal |
[11]: 149–163 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 153 |
Jesus Movement | 1960s, late |
Fundamentalist | [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]: 196 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 153 [95] | |
Jewish Renewal | Zalman Schachter-Shalomi | 1970s, mid |
Neo-Hasidic Rabbinic Judaism Syncretistic |
[30]: 7:4868–74 |
Jews for Jesus | Moishe Rosen | 1970 |
Fundamentalist Messianic Judaism |
[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]: 197 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 155 |
John Frum | 1936 |
Syncretistic Millenarian |
[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]: 197 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 155 | |
Joy of Satan Ministries | Andrea Maxine Dietrich | 2002 |
Satanism Theism |
[96]: 448 |
Kabbalah Centre | Philip Berg | 1970s |
Kabbalist New Age |
[Clarke 2006]: 322–23 |
Kalki cult, a.k.a. Oneness Movement and Oneness University | Kalki Bhagawan (Vijay Kumar Naidu) | 1989 |
Indian religions-inspired New Age Neo-Hindu 2012 phenomenon-inspired |
[97][98] |
Karma Triyana Dharmachakra | the 16th Gyalwa Karmapa | 1976 |
Tibetan Buddhism | [Melton 2003]: 1108 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 157–158. |
Kemetic Orthodoxy | Tamara Siuda | 1988 |
Modern Pagan Polytheistic reconstructionism Kemetic |
[99] |
Kerista | John Presmont | 1956 |
Communal—After 1960 | [Melton 2003]: 730 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 158 |
Kopimism | Isak Gerson | 2012 |
Internet religion | |
Konkokyo | Bunjirō Kawate | 1859 |
Japanese Shinto |
[Melton 2003]: 1122 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 161 |
Krishnamurti Foundations | Jiddu Krishnamurti | 1928 |
Neo-Theosophical Universalism |
[100] |
Kripalu Center (Kirpalu) | Amrit Desai | 1966 |
Hindu | [Melton 2003]: 1019 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 161 |
Lama Foundation | Steve Durkee | 1967 |
Communal | [Melton 2003]: 731 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 164 |
Latter Day Saint movement (Mormonism) | Joseph Smith | 1830 |
Christian restorationism | [Nichols, Mather & Schmidt 2006]: 187 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 190, 192 |
Latter Rain Movement | George Hawtin, Percy Hunt |
1946 |
Millenarian Pentecostal | [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]: 209 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 165 |
Laymen's Home Missionary Movement | Paul S. L. Johnson | 1920, circa |
Adventist Bible Students |
[Melton 2003]: 639 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 165 |
Lectorium Rosicrucianum | Jan van Rijckenborgh; Zwier Willem Leene; Catharose de Petri | 1924 |
Rosicrucianism | [Clarke 2006]: 338–339 [Melton 2003]: 844 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 165–166 |
The Living Word Fellowship | John Robert Stevens | 1951 |
Latter Rain Pentecostal | [Melton 2003]: 506 [101] |
Local Church movement | Ni Shu-tsu (Watchman Nee) | 1920s |
Independent Fundamentalist Other Bible Students |
[Melton 2003]: 609–610 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 169, 171 |
Love Family, a.k.a. the Church of Jesus Christ at Armageddon and Love Israel | Paul Erdman | 1969 |
Communal | [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]: 216 [Chryssides 2001]: 90–91 |
Love Has Won | Amy Carlson | 2005, circa |
New Age | [102][103] |
Lucis Trust | Alice A. Bailey | 1923 |
Neo-Theosophical | [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]: 217 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 172–173 |
Lumpa Church | Alice Lenshina | 1953 |
African initiated church | [104] |
Mahikari | Kotama Okada | 1959 |
Shinto | [Melton 2003]: 1123 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 176 |
Makasol (Wind Nation), a.k.a. Paliau movement | Paliau Maloat | 1970s, circa |
Papuan Indigenist Millenarian countercultural |
[Clarke 2006]: 482–85 |
Manson Family | Charles Manson | 1967 |
Millenarianism | [105] |
Maranatha Campus Ministries | Bob Weiner | 1972 |
Pentecostal | [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]: 223 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 178 |
Martinus' Spiritual Science | Martinus Thomsen | 1932 |
Esoteric | [106][107][108] |
Mata Amritanandamayi Math | Mata Amritanandamayi | 1981 |
Neo-Hindu | [Clarke 2006]: 31–32 [Jones & Ryan 2007]: 26–27 |
Mazdaznan | Otoman Zar-Adusht Ha'nish | 1902 |
Zoroastrianism | [Melton 2003]: 991 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 181 |
Meher Baba followers | Merwan Sheriar Irani | 1921 |
Hindu-inspired | [Melton 2003]: 991 [60] |
Messianic Judaism | 1960s |
Judeo-Christian | [Clarke 2006]: 397–99, 399 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 184 | |
Million Man March | Louis Farrakhan | 1995 |
Nation of Islam | [109]: 245 |
Mita Congregation | Juanita García Peraza | 1940 |
Deliverance Pentecostal | [Melton 2003]: 462 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 186 |
Modekngei (Ngara Modekngei) | Tamadad from Chol | 1915, circa |
Syncretistic Christian-Indigenous | [110] |
Monastic Order of Avallon | Henri Hillion de Coatmoc'han | 1972 |
Modern Pagan | [111] |
Moody Church | Dwight L. Moody | 1864 |
Fundamentalist Evangelical |
[Melton 2003]: 602 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 186 |
Moorish Science Temple of America | Timothy Drew | 1925 |
Black Islam | [Melton 2003]: 988 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 186, 188 |
Moral Re-Armament | Frank N. D. Buchman | 1921 |
[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]: 233 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 188, 190 | |
Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God | Credonia Mwerinde, Joseph Kibweteere |
1989 |
Catholicism | [112]: 209 [112]: 203 [112]: 213, 206 |
Movement of Spiritual Inner Awareness | John-Roger Hinkins | 1971 |
Syncretistic Sant Mat and Eckankar-influenced |
[Jones & Ryan 2007]: 384 [Clarke 2006]: 412, 412–14 [Melton 2003]: 1054 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 194 |
Namdhari | Balak Singh | 1800s, mid |
Sikh | [Beit-Hallahmi 1997]: 243 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 196 |
Narcosatánicos | Adolfo Constanzo | 1985 |
Palo | [113] |
Nation of Islam | Elijah Muhammad | 1930s, mid |
Black Islam UFO religion |
[Beit-Hallahmi 1997]: 245 [114] |
Nation of Yahweh | Hulon Mitchell, Jr. | 1970s |
Black Judaism | [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 200 [Melton 2003]: 952–953 [115]: 217 |
National Spiritualist Association of Churches | Harrison D Barrett, James M. Peebles, Cora L. Richmond | 1893 |
Spiritualism | [Melton 2003]: 772 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 197 |
Native American Church, a.k.a. Peyotism | 1906 |
Native American religion Indigenist Entheogen Groups | [Melton 2003]: 809 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 202 | |
Native Ukrainian National Faith, a.k.a. RUNVira or Sylenkoism | Lev Sylenko | 1960s, mid |
Modern Pagan Slavic Native Faith |
[93]: 130 |
Neo-charismatic movement | 1980s, early |
Charismatic Christian Nondenominational Christian |
[36]: 286–87 | |
Neo-Hinduism or Reform Hinduism | 1830, circa |
Hindu | [Clarke 2006]: 435–36 | |
New Acropolis (Nouvelle Acropole) | Jorge Ángel Livraga Rizzi | 1957 |
Neo-Theosophical Western esotericism |
[Clarke 2006]: 441–442 [116]: 217 |
New Apostolic Church | Heinrich Geyer | 1863 |
Catholic Apostolic Church Unclassified Christian Churches |
[Melton 2003]: 1139 [Beit-Hallahmi 1992]: 205 |
New Kadampa Tradition | Geshe Kelsang Gyatso | 1970s, mid |
Tibetan Buddhism | [Melton 2003]: <span title="The time allocated for running scripts has expired. QuotationThe time allocated for running scripts has expired." class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">The time allocated for running scripts has expired., [The time allocated for running scripts has expired.], The time allocated for running scripts has expired. [117]<span title="The time allocated for running scripts has expired.">: The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
The New Message from God | Marshall Vian Summers | 1992 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
UFO religion | [118][119] |
New Reformed Orthodox Order of the Golden Dawn | 1969 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn Witchcraft Modern Pagan |
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New Thought | Phineas Parkhurst Quimby | 1800s, mid The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Metaphysical Faith healing |
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Noahidism | 1990s The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Orthodox Judaism-inspired | [120][121][122]<span title="The time allocated for running scripts has expired.">: The time allocated for running scripts has expired. | |
Nuwaubian Nation or United Nuwaubian Nation of Moors | Dwight York | 1967 | UFO religion, New Age, Christian, Jewish, Black supremacist | [123][124] |
Oahspe Faithists | John Ballou Newbrough | 1882 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
UFO religion | [125] |
Odinism | Orestes Brownson | 1848 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Modern Pagan | [126] |
Oneida Community | John Humphrey Noyes | 1848 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Perfectionism | [127] |
Oomoto | Mrs. Nao Deguchi | 1899 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Japanese Shinto-Millenarian |
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Open Bible Standard Churches | merger | 1935 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
White Trinitarian Pentecostal | The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Opus Dei<span title="The time allocated for running scripts has expired.">: The time allocated for running scripts has expired. | Saint Josemaría Escrivá de Balaguer | 1928 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Roman Catholic | [128][129]<span title="The time allocated for running scripts has expired.">: The time allocated for running scripts has expired. [130][131]<span title="The time allocated for running scripts has expired.">: The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired.[29]<span title="The time allocated for running scripts has expired.">: The time allocated for running scripts has expired. [132] |
Order of the Solar Temple | Joseph Di Mambro, Luc Jouret |
1984 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Rosicrucian | [112]<span title="The time allocated for running scripts has expired.">: The time allocated for running scripts has expired. [112]<span title="The time allocated for running scripts has expired.">: The time allocated for running scripts has expired. [112] |
Ordo Templi Orientis (O.T.O.) | Carl Kellner;Theodor Reuss | 1895/1906 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Western esotericism Neo-Hermetism Thelema |
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Pentecostal Church of God | 1919 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Pentecostal | [36][17]<span title="The time allocated for running scripts has expired.">: The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired. | |
Pentecostalism | 1900s The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Charismatic Christian | [36] The time allocated for running scripts has expired. | |
People Unlimited, also known as Eternal Flame Foundation, People Forever, and CBJ | Charles Paul Brown, Bernadeane Brown, James Russell Strole | 1982 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Immortalism, Christianity | The time allocated for running scripts has expired.[133] |
Peoples Temple | Jim Jones | 1955 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Psychic-New Age | The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired.[134] |
Philosophical Research Society | Manly Palmer Hall | 1934 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Occult | The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Pilgrims of Arès | Michel Potay | 1974 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
[135] | |
Plymouth Brethren | John Nelson Darby | 1830 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
evangelical Millenarian |
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Potter's House also known as Christian Fellowship Ministries (CFM), The Door, Victory Chapel, Christian Center, Crossroads Chapel, etc. | Wayman Mitchell | 1970 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Pentecostal | The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
The Process Church of the Final Judgment | Mary Ann MacLean and Robert de Grimston | 1963 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Satanism | [136]<span title="The time allocated for running scripts has expired.">: The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Quiverfull | Mary Pride | 1985 The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
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Christian Natalism | [137] |
Radha Soami, also Radhasoami Movement or Sant Mat movement | Shiv Dayal Singh | 1861 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Sikh-derived or Syncretistic Sikh-Hindu or Sant Mat-inspired | The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Radha Soami Satsang Beas | Baba Jaimal Singh | 1891 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Sant Mat Radha Soami |
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Radha Soami Satsang Dayalbagh | Kamta Prasad Sinha | 1907 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Radha Soami | The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Raëlism, a.k.a. Raëlian Church | Claude Vorilhon (Rael) | 1973/1974 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
UFO religion | The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Rainbow Family, a.k.a. Rainbow Coalition | Barry Adams or Jesse Jackson | 1960s, late The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Communal Afro-American |
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Rajneesh movement, a.k.a. Osho movement | Rajneesh Chandra Mohan | 1966 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Indian religions-inspired Syncretistic |
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Ramakrishna Mission, a.k.a. Ramakrishna movement or Vedanta Society | Swami Vivekananda | 1897 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Neo-Hindu Neo-Vedanta |
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Ramtha's School of Enlightenment | J. Z. Knight | 1977 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
New Age | [139][140][141] |
Rastafari | Leonard Howell, Joseph Hibbert, Archibald Dunkley, Robert Hinds | 1920s/1935 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Jewish and Christian-influenced Afro-centric | The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired.[142] |
Reconstructionist Judaism | Mordecai Kaplan | 1922 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Rabbinic Judaism | The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Reform Judaism, a.k.a. Progressive or Liberal Judaism | Isaac Harby; Isaac M. Wise; others | 1820s The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Rabbinic Judaism | The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Reformed Druids of North America | 1960s The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Modern Pagan | The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired. | |
Reiki, also Usui Shiko Ryoho System of Healing | Mikao Usui | 1922 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Energy medicine Japanese Buddhism |
The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Religious Science | Ernest Holmes | 1948 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
New Thought | The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism | Vladimir Megre | 1997 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Syncretistic Modern Pagan Slavic Native Faith |
[96]<span title="The time allocated for running scripts has expired.">: The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Risshō Kōsei Kai | Nikkyo Niwano, Myoko Naganuma |
1938 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Nichiren Buddhist | The time allocated for running scripts has expired.[143] |
The Rosicrucian Fellowship | Carl Louis von Grasshof | 1909 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Rosicrucianism | The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Ruhani Satsang, a.k.a. Kirpal Light Satsang | Kirpal Singh | 1948 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Radha Soami | The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Sacred Name Movement | Clarence Orvil Dodd | 1930s The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Judeo-Christian (Judaizers) Nontrinitarian Church of God (Seventh-Day) |
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Sadharan Brahmo Samaj | Anandamohan Bose, Sivanath Sastri, Umesh Chandra Dutta | 1878 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Brahmoism | [31]<span title="The time allocated for running scripts has expired.">: The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Sahaja Yoga | Shri Mataji Nirmala Devi | 1970 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Neo-Hindu | The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired.[144] |
Saiva Siddhanta Church | Subramuniy | 1957 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Hindu | The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
The Salvation Army | William Booth | 1865 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Holiness movement | The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Saminism, Samin movement<span title="The time allocated for running scripts has expired.">: The time allocated for running scripts has expired. | Samin Surosentiko | 1889 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Abrahamic religions Indigenist |
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Sant Nirankari Mission | Baba Buta Singh Ji | 1929, formally 1947 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Sikh Nirankari |
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Santa Muerte Cult | 1940s, late (or earlier)[147] The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Syncretic Folk Catholic | [148] | |
Sathya Sai Baba movement or Sai Baba movement | Sathya Sai Baba | 1950 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Neo-Hindu | The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Science of Identity Foundation (SIF) | Chris Butler alias Jagad Guru Siddhaswarupananda | 1977 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Neo-Hindu ISKCON |
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Scientology | L. Ron Hubbard | 1955 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
UFO-Psychic New Age |
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Sekta Niebo | Bogdana Kacmajora | 1990 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Christian | [152] |
Seicho-no-Ie | Masaharu Taniguchi, Fenwicke Holmes | 1930 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Japanese Religious Science-Shinto |
[84] The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Self-Realization Fellowship | Paramahansa Yogananda | 1935 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Neo-Hindu | The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Semitic Neopaganism | Raphael Patai | 1960s The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Modern Pagan Polytheistic reconstructionism Feminism |
[153] |
Seventh-day Adventist Church | Ellen G. White; Joseph Bates | 1860 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Adventist Millerite Seventh-day Sabbatarian |
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Seventh-day Adventist Reform Movement | schism | 1925 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Seventh-day Adventist | The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Shakers | Ann Lee | 1750s The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Communal—Before 1960 | The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Shengdao, a.k.a. Tongshanshe | Peng Tairong (Ruzun) | 1900s, early The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Chinese salvationist | [154]<span title="The time allocated for running scripts has expired.">: The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Shepherd's Rod, a.k.a. the Davidians, officially, the Davidian Seventh-day Adventist Association | Victor T. Houteff | 1935 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Seventh-day Adventist | The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Shiloh Youth Revival Centers | John J. Higgins, Jr. | 1969 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Communal—After 1960 | The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Shinji Shumeikai, a.k.a. Shumei | Mihoko Koyama | 1970 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Church of World Messianity Faith healing |
[84] |
Shinnyo-en | Shinjo Ito, Tomoji Ito |
1936 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Japanese Japanese Buddhism |
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Shinreikyo | Kanichi Otsuka | 1950, circa The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Japanese Shinto Syncretistic |
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Shouters | Li Changshou | 1965 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Christianity | [57]<span title="The time allocated for running scripts has expired.">: The time allocated for running scripts has expired. [57] |
Shri Ram Chandra Mission | Shri Ram Chandraji Maharaj | 1945 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Hindu | [155] |
Slavic Native Faith, a.k.a. Rodnovery or Slavic Neopaganism | Władysław Kołodziej, Jan Stachniuk | 1920–30s The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Modern Pagan Polytheistic reconstructionism |
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Slavic-Hill Rodnovery | Aleksandr Belov | 1980s The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Modern Pagan Slavic Native Faith |
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Soka Gakkai International | Tsunesaburo Makiguchi | 1930 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Japanese Nichiren Buddhism |
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Spiritualism | Kate and Margaret Fox | 1848 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Psychic-Mediumship Metaphysical |
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Subud (Susila Budhi Dharma) | Muhammed Subuh | 1933 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Kejawèn neo-Sufism |
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Sufi Ruhaniat International | Samuel L. Lewis | 1968 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
neo-Sufism | The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Sukyo Mahikari | Sekiguchi Sakae | 1978 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Japanese Mahikari Syncretistic |
The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Summum | Claude Rex Nowell | 1975 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Unclassified Christian Churches | The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Syntheism | Alexander Bard | 2012 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Pantheist Humanist Netocratic |
[159] |
The Satanic Temple | Lucien Greaves, Malcolm Jarry |
2012 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Satanism Nontheistic |
[160][161][162][163][164] |
Tenrikyo | Miki Nakayama | 1838 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Japanese Shinto |
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Tensegrity | Carlos Castaneda | 1995 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Neoshamanism New Age |
[50] The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Terasem | Martine Rothblatt | 2004 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Transhumanism | [165] |
The Family, a.k.a. Santiniketan Park Association & Great White Brotherhood | Anne Hamilton-Byrne | 1963 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
New Age | [166] |
Thelema, a.k.a. the A∴A∴ order | Aleister Crowley | 1900s, early The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Occult neo-Hermetism Western esotericism |
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Theosophy or Theosophical Society, a.k.a. 1882 as Theosophical Society Adyar | Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, Henry Steel Olcott, William Quan Judge | 1875 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Occult Eastern and Western esotericism |
[14]<span title="The time allocated for running scripts has expired.">: The time allocated for running scripts has expired. [167] The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired.[167] |
Theosophical Society Pasadena | William Quan Judge | 1895 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Theosophical | [167]<span title="The time allocated for running scripts has expired.">: The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Tolstoyan primitivism | Leo Tolstoy | 1901 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Christian anarchism Pacifism |
[168]<span title="The time allocated for running scripts has expired.">: The time allocated for running scripts has expired. [168]<span title="The time allocated for running scripts has expired.">: The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Toronto Blessing | Randy Clark | 1994 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Pentecostal | [11]<span title="The time allocated for running scripts has expired.">: The time allocated for running scripts has expired. [169] |
Transcendental Meditation (TM) | Maharishi Mahesh Yogi | 1958 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Neo-Hindu-inspired | The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Triratna Buddhist Community (formerly FWBO) | Sangharakshita (Dennis Lingwood) | 1967 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Neo-Buddhism | [75] |
True Buddha School | Lu Sheng-yen | 1980s, late The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Tibetan Buddhism Taoism |
[170] |
True Russian Orthodox Church | Pyotr Kuznetsov | 2007 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Russian Orthodoxy Apocalypticism | [171] |
Twelve Tribes | Gene and Marsha Spriggs | 1972 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Messianic Jewish Communal—After 1960 | The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Two by Twos, a.k.a. Cooneyites, Christian Conventions, the Workers and Friends, the Truth, etc. | The time allocated for running scripts has expired. | 1897 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Independent fundamentalist family | The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired.[172] |
Umbanda | Zélio Fernandino de Moraes | 1920 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Spiritism | The time allocated for running scripts has expired.[173] |
Unarius Academy of Science | Ernest Norman, Ruth Norman | 1954 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
UFO Religion | The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Unification Church, also known as the Moonies | Sun Myung Moon | 1954 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Syncretistic Christian | The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Unitarian Universalism | consolidation | 1961 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Unitarian Universalism | The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
United Holy Church of America | Isaac Cheshier | 1900 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Black Trinitarian Pentecostal | The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
United House of Prayer for All People | Marcelino Manoel de Graca | 1925 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
African American Pentecostal | The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
United Israel World Union | David Horowitz | 1944 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Other Jewish Groups | The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
United Lodge of Theosophists | Robert Crosbie | 1909 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Theosophical | The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
United Pentecostal Church International | merger | 1945 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Apostolic Pentecostals | The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Unity Church | Charles Fillmore and Myrtle Fillmore | 1889/1903 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
New Thought-Christian | The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Universal Great Brotherhood | Serge Raynaud de la Ferriere | 1940s, late The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Other Theosophical Groups | The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Universal Life Church | Kirby Hensley | 1962 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Liberal Family | The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Universal White Brotherhood | Peter Deunov | 1900 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Other Theosophical Groups Esoteric Christianity |
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Urantia Foundation | William S. Sadler | 1934 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
UFO religion Psychic New Age Christian occultist |
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Vajradhatu | Chögyam Trungpa | 1973 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Tibetan Buddhism | The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Vale do Amanhecer | Tia Neiva | 1959 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Spiritualism | [175] |
Volunteers of America | Ballington Booth, Maud Booth |
1896 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Holiness movement | The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
The Way International | Victor Paul Wierwille | 1942 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Independent fundamentalist family | The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
The Way of the Livingness (Universal Medicine) | Serge Benhayon | 1999 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Neo-Theosophical and/or "Socially harmful cult". | [176][177][178] |
White Eagle Lodge | Lady Elizabeth Carey | 1943 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Other Theosophical Groups | The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Wicca | Gerald Gardner | 1949, circa The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Modern Pagan Witchcraft Occult |
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Wotansvolk | David Lane | 1990s The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
neo-völkisch paganism | [179] |
The Word Foundation | Harold W. Percival | 1904, circa The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Theosophical | The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
World Peace and Unification Sanctuary Church | Hyung Jin Moon, Yeon Ah Lee Moon |
2015 The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Unification Church-based ultra-Orthodox/Fundamentalism |
[180][181] |
Yiguandao | Wang Jueyi; Chang Thien Ran | 1800s, late The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
Chinese salvationist-Millenarian | [154]<span title="The time allocated for running scripts has expired.">: The time allocated for running scripts has expired. The time allocated for running scripts has expired. |
See also edit
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- Governmental lists of cults and sects
- Hinduism-oriented new religious movements
- List of Christian denominations
- List of New Thought denominations and independent centers
- List of Neopagan movements
- List of religions and spiritual traditions
- List of sects in the Latter Day Saint movement
- New religious movements in the United States
Bibliography edit
Main sources edit
- [Beit-Hallahmi 1992] The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
- [Beit-Hallahmi 1997] The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
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Other selected sources edit
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References edit
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- ^ Nelson 1987, p. 107.
- ^ Swenson 2009, p. 206.
- ^ The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
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- ^ Omoyajowo 1995, pp. xv, 113.
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- ^ Strmiska and Sigurvinsson 2005, pp. 127–180.
- ^ a b c The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
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- ^ Saliba, 2003, p. 171.
- ^ Partridge, 2004, p. 261.
- ^ The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
- ^ a b Encyclopædia Iranica 1989, "Babism".
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- ^ In 1955, Reverend Moon established the Collegiate Association for the Research of the Principle (CARP). CARP is now active on many campuses in the United States and has expanded to over eighty nations. This association of students promotes intercultural, interracial, and international cooperation through the Unification world view." [1] The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
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- ^ Robinson 2005.
- ^ Van Bruinessen 2007, p. 258.
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- ^ See:
* Ramstedt 2007, p. 6. "How can one find a definition of 'New Age' that will serve to bring so many different features together? One major difficulty in defining 'New Age' is that different writers draw different boundaries. Paul Heelas, for example, includes a significant number of what he calls the 'self religions': groups like Landmark Forum (also known simply as The Forum, formerly est or Erhard Seminar Training) and Programmes Limited (formerly Exegesis). Some writers trace the New Age back to William Blake (1757–1827); others see it as originating in the 'hippie' counter-culture in the USA in the 1960s, while the scholar of the New Age, Wouter Hanegraaff, places it later still, regarding it as beginning in the second half of the 1970s." - ^ The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
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* Lewis 2004, p. 187. "These two opposing strategies of new religious movements for delivering compensators I will term 'compensation delivery systems' (CDS). The gradual CDS can best be described as religion as a multi-level marketing (MLM) tactic – a term I take from the business world [...] Exemplars of new religious movements with a gradual CDS are Scientology and Erhard Seminar Training in its various manifestations."
* Saliba 2003, p. 88. "Many of the new religions attract individuals by the promise of peace of mind, spiritual well-being, gratifying experiences, and material success. In so doing they stress their concern for the individual and highlight one's personal worth and self-development. This is especially so in human growth movements such as Scientology, The Forum (previously known as Erhard Seminar Training [EST]), and qualsi-religious encounter groups." - ^ The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
- ^ See"
* Nelson 1987, p. 177. "Finally his study of EST (Erhard Systems Training) provides an insight into the work of the human potential movement which aims at self realisation."
* Puttick 2004, p. 406. "est was one of the most successful manifestations of the human potential movement (HPM) ..." - ^ The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
- ^ Lewis 2004, p. 195.
- ^ a b Melton 2009, p. 676.
- ^ Ellwood 1971.
- ^ The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
- ^ Peters 2008, pp. 186–187.
- ^ a b Irons 2008, p. 206.
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- ^ Global Leadership Council The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
- ^ Philippine Daily Inquirer 2008.
- ^ a b c The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
- ^ a b Partridge, 2004, p. 406.
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- ^ Gallagher 2006, p. 86.
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- ^ Krogh 2004, p. 167.
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- ^ Tucker 2004, pp. 360–362.
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- ^ Hinfelaar, Hugo. "WOMEN'S REVOLT: THE LUMPA CHURCH OF LENSHINA MULENGA IN THE 1950S." Journal of Religion in Africa, v. 21 issue 2, 1991, pp. 99–129.
- ^ Bugliosi, Vincent with Gentry, Curt. Helter Skelter — The True Story of the Manson Murders 25th Anniversary Edition, W.W. Norton & Company, 1994. The time allocated for running scripts has expired.The time allocated for running scripts has expired.The time allocated for running scripts has expired., The time allocated for running scripts has expired..
- ^ Olav Hammer: Danish Esotericism in the 20th Century. The Case of Martinus. Amsterdam University Press 2009.
- ^ Western Esotericism in Scandinavia. Edited by Henrik Bogdan and Olav Hammer.
- ^ Byskov, Else: Death is an illusion. Paragon House 2002.
- ^ The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
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- ^ Marhic 1996, pp. 25–29.
- ^ a b c d e f The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
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- ^ Enroth 2005, p. 169.
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- ^ Palmer, Susan. The Nuwaubian Nation: Black Spirituality and State Control (Farnham: Ashgate, 2010).
- ^ Bailey, Julius H. "The Final Frontier: Secrecy, Identity, and the Media in the Rise and Fall of the United Nuwaubian Nation of Moors". Journal of the American Academy of Religion 74, no. 2 (2006): 302–23.
- ^ The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
- ^ Goodrick-Clarke 2002, p. 257.
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- ^ Gold 2004, p. 46.
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- ^ Walsh 2004, pp. 174, 180–182.
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- ^ Hayes 2006, pp. 16, 18–19
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- ^ Reiterman 1982, pp. 49–52
- ^ Mayer 2004, pp. 123–143.
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- ^ Singer 1995, pp. 45, 120.
- ^ York 2004, p. 105.
- ^ Dawson 2006, p. 3.
- ^ Partridge 2004, pp. 62–64.
- ^ Tamura 2001, pp. 203–204.
- ^ INFORM 2001.
- ^ a b The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
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- ^ Lewis 2003, p. 42.
- ^ Reece 2007, pp. 182–186.
- ^ Partridge 2003, pp. 188, 263–265.
- ^ Beźnic Sz., Zbór Leczenia Duchem Świętym "Niebo", in: E.Barker, Nowe ruchy religijne, Nomos, Kraków 1997, p. 299–301.
- ^ Raphael 1998, pp. 198–215.
- ^ a b The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
- ^ Mayer 1993, p. 213.
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- ^ Wilson 1999, p. 10.
- ^ The time allocated for running scripts has expired.
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- ^ The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements, Volume 2; James R. Lewis, Inga B. Tollefsen; Oxford University Press, 2016; pgs. 441-453
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- ^ Lyon 2000, p. 106.
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- ^ Johnson, Benton in Klass and Weisgrau 1999, p. 377.
- ^ Smith and Prokopy 2003, p. 279–280.
- ^ (Fraternite Blanche Universelle) Mayer 1993, p. 370.
- ^ Dawson 2007, pp. 48–49.
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External links edit
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- Diskus The on-disk journal of international Religious Studies
- Hartford Institute of Religious Research: New religious movements
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- Online texts about NRMs
- SSSR Resolution on New Religious Groups
- Hadden, Jeffrey K. and Douglas Cowan The New Religious Movements Homepage @The University of Virginia
- Religious Movements in the United States: An Informal Introduction
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