Wikipedia

2023 New Zealand census

The 2023 New Zealand census, which took place on 7 March 2023,[1] was the thirty-fifth national census in New Zealand. It implemented measures that aimed to increase the Census' effectiveness in response to the issues faced with the 2018 census, including supporting Māori to complete the census.[2][3] It also included new questions on topics such as gender, sexual identity, and disabilities/health conditions.[4] The first Census data was published on 29 May 2024, in a range of data products and services.

Thirty-fifth census of New Zealand
← 2018 7 March 2023; 15 months ago (2023-03-07) 2028 →
General information
CountryNew Zealand

Conducting the census edit

The 2023 census can be completed online or on paper forms. Forms with an access code were mailed out to householders from 20 February, but paper forms could be requested online or by telephone. The telephone number had operators speaking English, te reo Māori, Samoan, Tongan, Korean, Mandarin, Cantonese, Hindi, and Punjabi. New Zealand Sign Language was available through NZ Relay. One dwelling form was required for each household, and one individual form was required for each person present in the dwelling on Tuesday 7 March 2023. The census closed on 30 June 2023.

History edit

Background edit

This section is an excerpt from New Zealand census § History.[edit]

The first full census in New Zealand was conducted in 1851, and the census was triennial until 1881, at which time it became five-yearly. The 1931 census was cancelled due to the effects of the Great Depression,[5] as was the 1941 census due to World War II.[6] The 1946 census was brought forward to Tuesday 25 September 1945, so that the results could be used for an electoral redistribution (the first for ten years) before the 1946 election.

1951 was the first year in which Māori and European New Zealanders were treated equally, with European New Zealanders having had a different census form in previous years and separate censuses in the nineteenth century. Results for those censuses before 1966 have been destroyed with a few exceptions and those since will not be available before 2066.[7]

The 2006 census was held on Tuesday, 7 March. For the first time, respondents had the option of completing their census form online rather than by a printed form.

The 2011 census was scheduled for Tuesday, 8 March. However, due to the Christchurch earthquake on 22 February 2011, it was cancelled.[8] For the first time ever, all 2011 census forms would have been digitally archived.[9] On 27 May 2011 Statistics New Zealand announced that a census would take place in March 2013.[10] The legislation required to change the census date was introduced to Parliament in August 2011.[11]

The 2013 census was held on Tuesday 5 March 2013 and the 2018 census was held on Tuesday 6 March 2018.[12] The 2018 census faced wide criticism for low response rates, a poor rollout of the online component of the census and delays.[13][14] This resulted in an independent review of the census process, and the resignation of the then-Chief Executive of Statistics New Zealand Liz MacPherson.[15]

The date for the 2023 New Zealand census was announced by Stats NZ on 28 September 2022.[16]

Issues edit

Cyclone Gabrielle edit

In February 2023, Cyclone Gabrielle had devastated parts of the North Island, prompting the Government to declare a national state of emergency in six regions.[17] To address the disruption caused by Cyclone Gabrielle, the Government had agreed to an eight week extension of the census for the worst affected areas.[18] People living in cyclone-affected areas including the Far North District, Gisborne District, and Hawkes Bay have until 1 June to complete their Census.[19]

In addition, Statistics New Zealand asked the Government for an extra NZ$37 million to cover extra costs. Face-to-face visits were also delayed in some affected areas. Field operations in Gisborne and Hawkes Bay commenced on 3 April.[17]

Participation rates edit

On 6 March 2023, Radio New Zealand reported that just one million New Zealanders had filled out their census forms. Statistics New Zealand's deputy chief executive census and collections operation, Simon Mason, described the response as underwhelming and attributed the lower response rate to the disruption caused by Cyclone Gabrielle and opposition by some on social media to participating in the census. In response to criticism of the 2018 New Zealand census, Mason confirmed that Statistics NZ had sent two forms in the post to bolster public engagement.[18]

By 31 March, Statistics NZ had confirmed that four million people had returned their census forms; beating the 30 April milestone for the 2018 census. On 5 April, Newsroom reported that one in five people had not returned their census forms, with the figure rising to two in five people within the Māori and Pacific communities. Newsroom also reported low rates of participation in Gisborne and Hawkes Bay; with 26,200 out of Gisborne's estimated total population of 52,100 and 89,300 out of Hawkes Bay's population of 182,700 returning their survey forms.[17]

According to Newsroom, Statistics NZ had fallen behind its target of visiting all non-responding and partially responding households by nine days after 7 March. By 31 March, 29,000 dwellings outside Te Mana Whakatipu, Gisborne, and Hawkes Bay had not received their first visit. Mason also confirmed that census workers had made 1.3 million non-response follow-up visits to 790,000 dwellings by 31 March. In an effort to boost participation, Statistics NZ deployed over 3,000 census collectors in the community until 3 May and until 1 June in Hawkes Bay and Gisborne. Mason also confirmed that Statistics NZ would focus on supporting under-represented groups including Māori.[17]

By 20 April, Statistics NZ confirmed that 4.3 million people had returned their census forms while one in five respondents had not returned their forms. The Bay of Plenty Times reported that 274,300 had returned their forms by 19 April. However, 73,400 forms had not been returned; with 37,300 of these non-respondents being Māori and 17,700 being youths. Non-respondents face a NZ$2,000 fine under the Data and Statistics Act 2022.[19]

By 1 May, Statistics NZ confirmed that 4,408,894 people out of an estimated population of 5.15 million had returned their census forms. Statistics NZ spokesperson Tracy Dillimore confirmed that the national Census response rate was 86%. Deputy government statistician Simon Mason warned that people who had not completed their census forms would receive a final notice from 9 May.[20]

National Party statistics spokesperson Simon Watts described the 2023 Census as a failure and doubted that Statistics NZ would reach its 90% target. Watts also disputed Statistic NZ's position that Cyclone Gabrielle had disrupted the census collection process, pointing out that most of the uncompleted forms were from major cities with lower completion rates among Māori and Pasifika. Watts estimated that the 2023 Census would cost NZ$337 million, including the extra NZ$37 million requested by Statistics NZ. By contrast, the Minister of Statistics Deborah Russell claimed that the 2023 Census was an improvement over the 2018 Census, citing the former's 86% response rate in comparison with the latter's overall response rate of 81.6%.[20]

By 20 May, 4.5 million census forms (covering 88% of the population) had been returned. According to Deputy Government Statistician Simon Mason, 55,000 final notice packs had been sent to non-responding households. At the time, 25% of Māori and Pasifika had not returned their census forms. During the 2023 census, Te Whānau-ā-Apanui trialled a "by Māori, for Māori" census collection drive in East Cape, Gisborne District and parts of the Northland Region. Data Iwi Leaders Forum spokesperson Rahui Papa credited the "by Māori, for Māori" drive with ensuring a 90% Māori uptake in the East Cape.[21]

Misuse of census data allegations edit

On 2 June 2024, the Sunday Star Times reported that Statistics New Zealand was investigating allegations by former staff at Manurewa Marae that Te Pāti Māori (Māori Party) had illegally used 2023 census data to target Māori electorate voters in the Tāmaki Makaurau electorate during the 2023 New Zealand general election, and that participants were given supermarket vouchers, wellness packs and food parcels to encourage them to fill out census forms and switch to the Māori electoral roll. The party's candidate Takutai Moana Kemp had won the Tāmakai Makaurau seat during the 2023 election. A whistleblower from the Ministry of Social Development had alerted Statistics NZ and the Police, which had delayed investigating the matter. In response, Te Pāti Māori leader John Tamihere denied the allegations and claimed they were made by disgruntled former staff. Tamihere said that the marae had been working with the Whānau Ora Commissioning Agency to promote Māori participation in the 2023 census. Tamihere also acknowledged that marae workers had given gifts to encourage people to participate in the 2023 Census and switch to the Māori roll.[22] Prime minister Christopher Luxon said the allegations are "pretty serious" and they need to be investigated promptly but were an issue for the party and the authorities.[23] David Seymour said a ministerial inquiry could be warranted and Leader of the Opposition Chris Hipkins said the allegations were "very serious" and warranted a "rigorous and very credible" review.[24][25] Doug Craig was appointed to investigate the census data misuse allegations. The findings will be shared with the New Zealand Police who are also investigating.[26]

Results edit

The first results from the census were released on 29 May 2024.[27]

Population counts edit

Region Population Change
2018 census % 2023 census % Change % pp
Northland 179,076 3.81 194,007 3.88  14,931  8.34  0.07
Auckland 1,571,718 33.44 1,656,486 33.17  84,768  5.39  0.27
Waikato 458,202 9.75 498,771 9.99  40,569  8.85  0.24
Bay of Plenty 308,499 6.56 334,140 6.69  25,641  8.31  0.13
Gisborne 47,517 1.01 51,135 1.02  3,618  7.61  0.01
Hawke's Bay 166,368 3.54 175,074 3.51  8,706  5.23  0.03
Taranaki 117,561 2.50 126,015 2.52  8,454  7.19  0.02
Manawatū-Whanganui 238,797 5.08 251,412 5.03  12,615  5.28  0.05
Wellington 506,814 10.78 520,971 10.43  14,157  2.79  0.35
North Island 3,594,552 76.48 3,808,005 76.25  213,453  5.94  0.23
Tasman 52,389 1.11 57,807 1.16  5,418  10.34  0.04
Nelson 50,880 1.08 52,584 1.05  1,704  3.35  0.03
Marlborough 47,340 1.01 49,431 0.99  2,091  4.42  0.02
West Coast 31,575 0.67 33,390 0.67  1,851  5.75  0.00
Canterbury 599,694 12.76 651,027 13.04  51,333  8.56  0.28
Otago 225,186 4.79 240,900 4.82  15,714  6.98  0.03
Southland 97,467 2.07 100,143 2.01  2,676  2.75  0.07
South Island 1,104,537 23.50 1,185,282 23.73  100,140  7.31  0.23
Area outside region 669 0.01 633 0.01  36  5.38  0.00
  New Zealand 4,699,755 100.00 4,993,923 100.00  294,168  6.26

Population counts by territorial authority and Auckland local board areas edit

Territorial authority or Auckland local board Population Change
2018 census 2023 census Change %
Far North district 65,250 71,430  6,180  9.5
Whangarei district 90,960 96,678  5,718  6.3
Kaipara district 22,869 25,899  3,030  13.2
Auckland 1,571,718 1,656,486  84,768  5.4
Auckland - Rodney local board area 66,417 77,949  11,532  17.4
Auckland - Hibiscus and Bays local board area 104,010 114,033  10,023  9.6
Auckland - Upper Harbour local board area 62,841 76,959  14,118  22.5
Auckland - Kaipātiki local board area 88,269 88,128  141  0.2
Auckland - Devonport-Takapuna local board area 57,975 58,005  30  0.1
Auckland - Henderson-Massey local board area 118,422 124,779  6,357  5.4
Auckland - Waitākere Ranges local board area 52,095 53,898  1,803  3.5
Auckland - Aotea/Great Barrier local board area 936 1,251  315  33.7
Auckland - Waiheke local board area 9,063 9,162  99  1.1
Auckland - Waitematā local board area 82,866 81,546  1,320  1.6
Auckland - Whau local board area 79,356 81,273  1,917  2.4
Auckland - Albert-Eden local board area 98,622 96,630  1,992  2.0
    Auckland - Puketāpapa local board area 57,555 56,949  606  1.1
Auckland - Ōrākei local board area 84,318 83,196  1,122  1.3
Auckland - Maungakiekie-Tāmaki local board area 76,284 78,102  1,818  2.4
Auckland - Howick local board area 140,970 153,570  12,600  8.9
Auckland - Māngere-Ōtāhuhu local board area 78,120 78,642  192  0.2
Auckland - Ōtara-Papatoetoe local board area 85,122 86,949  1,827  2.1
Auckland - Manurewa local board area 95,670 98,784  3,114  3.3
Auckland - Papakura local board area 57,636 72,318  14,682  25.5
Auckland - Franklin local board area 74,838 84,357  9,519  12.7
Thames-Coromandel district 29,892 31,995  2,100  7.0
Hauraki district 20,022 21,318  1,296  6.5
Waikato district 75,618 85,698  10,350  13.7
Matamata-Piako district 34,404 37,098  2,694  7.8
Hamilton city 160,911 174,741  13,830  8.6
Waipa district 53,241 58,686  5,445  10.2
Ōtorohanga district 10,104 10,410  306  3.0
South Waikato district 24,042 25,044  1,002  4.2
Waitomo district 9,303 9,585  282  3.0
Taupo district 37,203 40,296  3,093  8.3
Western Bay of Plenty district 50,904 56,184  5,280  10.4
Tauranga city 137,130 152,844  15,714  11.5
Rotorua district 71,877 74,058  2,181  3.0
Whakatane district 35,700 37,149  1,449  4.1
Kawerau district 7,146 7,539  393  5.5
Ōpōtiki district 9,276 10,089  813  8.8
Gisborne district 47,517 51,135  3,618  7.6
Wairoa district 8,367 8,826  459  5.5
Hastings district 81,537 85,965  4,428  5.4
Napier city 62,241 64,695  2,454  3.9
Central Hawke's Bay district 14,142 15,480  1,338  9.5
New Plymouth district 80,679 87,000  6,321  7.8
Stratford district 9,474 10,149  675  7.1
South Taranaki district 27,534 29,025  1,491  5.4
Ruapehu district 12,309 13,095  786  6.4
Whanganui district 45,309 47,619  2,310  5.1
Rangitikei district 15,027 15,663  636  4.2
Manawatu district 30,165 32,415  2,250  7.5
Palmerston North city 84,639 87,090  2,451  2.9
Tararua district 17,943 18,660  717  4.0
Horowhenua district 33,261 36,693  3,432  10.3
Kapiti Coast district 53,673 55,914  2,241  4.2
Porirua city 56,559 59,445  2,886  5.1
Upper Hutt city 43,980 45,759  1,779  4.0
Lower Hutt city 104,532 107,562  3,030  2.9
Wellington city 202,737 202,689  48  0.0
Masterton district 25,557 27,678  2,121  8.3
Carterton district 9,198 10,107  909  9.9
South Wairarapa district 10,575 11,811  1,236  11.7
Tasman district 52,389 57,807  5,418  10.3
Nelson city 50,880 52,584  1,704  3.3
Marlborough district 47,340 49,431  2,091  4.4
Kaikoura district 3,912 4,215  303  7.7
Buller district 9,591 10,446  855  8.9
Grey district 13,344 14,043  699  5.2
Westland district 8,640 8,901  261  3.0
Hurunui district 12,558 13,608  1,050  8.4
Waimakariri district 59,502 66,246  6,744  11.3
Christchurch city 369,006 391,383  22,377  6.1
Selwyn district 60,561 78,144  17,583  29.0
Ashburton district 33,423 34,746  1,323  4.0
Timaru district 46,296 47,547  1,251  2.7
Mackenzie district 4,866 5,115  249  5.1
Waimate district 7,815 8,121  306  3.9
Chatham Islands territory 663 612  51  7.7
Waitaki district 22,308 23,472  1,164  5.2
Central Otago district 21,558 24,306  2,748  12.7
Queenstown-Lakes district 39,153 47,808  8,655  22.1
Dunedin city 126,255 128,901  2,646  2.1
Clutha district 17,667 18,315  648  3.7
Southland district 30,864 31,833  969  3.1
Gore district 12,396 12,711  315  2.5
Invercargill city 54,204 55,599  1,395  2.6
Area outside territorial authority 39 72  33  84.6
Total people 4,699,755 4,993,923  294,168  6.3

Ethnic group edit

Ethnic group Population Change
2018 census % 2023 census % Change % pp
European 3,297,864 70.17 3,328,473 67.76  85,878  2.60  2.41
Māori 775,836 16.51 887,493 17.77  111,657  14.39  1.26
Asian 707,598 15.06 861,576 17.25  153,978  21.76  2.20
Pacific peoples 381,642 8.12 442,632 8.86  60,990  15.98  0.74
Middle Eastern/Latin American/African 70,332 1.50 92,760 1.86  22,428  31.89  0.36
Other ethnicity 58,053 1.24 56,133 1.12  1,920  3.31  0.11
Total people 4,699,755 100.00 4,993,923 100.00  294,168  6.26

Age edit

The median age was 38.1 years, up from 37.4 years at the 2018 census.

Age group Population Change
2018 census 2023 census Change %
0–4 294,921 288,387  6,534  2.2
5–9 322,632 311,736  10,899  3.4
10–14 305,847 336,174  30,327  9.9
15–19 301,821 320,637  18,813  6.2
20–24 317,400 311,952  5,451  1.7
25–29 344,466 335,715  8,748  2.5
30–34 317,034 374,079  57,042  18.0
35–39 295,395 345,537  50,142  17.0
40–44 291,345 315,765  24,417  8.4
45–49 321,483 302,220  19,263  6.0
50–54 308,589 322,635  14,043  4.6
55–59 302,759 304,074  1,329  0.4
60–64 260,901 296,418  35,517  13.6
65–69 229,032 252,492  23,460  10.2
70–74 183,636 213,438  29,805  16.2
75–79 132,792 163,932  30,840  23.2
80–89 85,362 107,991  22,629  26.5
85–89 53,979 57,939  3,960  7.3
90+ 23,817 33,093  2,721  9.0
0–14 923,403 936,297  12,894  1.4
15–29 963,690 968,304  4,614  0.5
30–64 2,097,501 2,260,728  163,227  7.8
65+ 715,170 828,585  113,415  15.9
Total people 4,699,755 4,993,923  294,168  6.3

Māori descent edit

Māori descent indicator Population Change
2018 census % 2023 census % Change % pp
Māori descent 869,850 18.51 978,246 19.59  108,396  12.46  1.08
No Māori descent 3,715,050 79.05 3,873,726 77.57  158,676  4.27  1.48
Don't know 114,855 2.44 141,951 2.84  27,096  23.59  0.40
Total 4,699,755 100.00 4,993,923 100.00  294,168  6.3

Dwelling counts edit

Region Dwellings Change
2018 census 2023 census Change %
Northland 80,958 88,092  7,134  8.8
Auckland 547,059 611,895  64,836  11.9
Waikato 198,291 216,222  17,931  9.0
Bay of Plenty 127,812 137,349  9,537  7.5
Gisborne 18,684 19,509  825  4.4
Hawke's Bay 66,990 71,364  4,374  6.5
Taranaki 50,004 52,992  2,988  6.0
Manawatū-Whanganui 103,317 108,903  5,586  5.4
Wellington 203,019 215,991  12,972  6.4
North Island 1,396,140 1,522,323  126,183  9.0
Tasman 23,733 26,352  2,619  11.0
Nelson 21,534 22,845  1,311  6.1
Marlborough 22,719 24,807  2,088  9.2
West Coast 17,547 18,564  1,017  5.8
Canterbury 256,158 282,039  25,881  10.1
Otago 103,614 112,473  8,859  8.6
Southland 44,691 46,761  2,070  4.6
South Island 489,993 533,838  43,845  8.9
Area outside region 381 417  36  9.4
  New Zealand 1,886,517 2,056,578  170,061  9.0

Summary by region edit

Region Ethnic group (%) Age (%) Maori descent
European Maori Pacific Asian 0-14 15-29 30-64 65+ Median Yes No
Northland 73.0 37.4 4.9 4.8 19.6 15.4 43.2 21.8 43.2 39.9 56.7
Auckland 49.8 12.3 16.6 31.3 19.2 20.9 46.5 13.3 35.9 13.8 84.1
Waikato 71.7 25.2 5.2 12.2 20.2 18.7 43.9 17.3 37.9 27.6 69.2
Bay of Plenty 71.9 30.6 4.3 8.8 19.9 17.2 43.5 19.4 39.7 32.9 64.2
Gisborne 56.5 54.8 5.6 3.8 22.2 18.8 42.3 16.6 36.7 56.0 41.3
Hawke's Bay 73.3 28.6 6.2 6.5 19.8 17.3 43.6 19.4 40.4 30.6 66.2
Taranaki 83.6 21.8 2.6 5.7 20.2 16.4 44.4 19.1 40.4 24.4 71.8
Manawatū-Whanganui 78.1 25.1 5.0 7.7 19.3 18.3 42.8 19.5 39.7 27.3 69.0
Wellington 72.6 15.5 9.1 15.2 17.2 20.9 46.3 15.5 37.9 17.0 80.5
North Island 63.1 19.8 10.6 19.3 19.3 19.5 45.2 16.0 21.6 75.7
Tasman 90.7 9.9 2.6 4.0 16.4 14.7 45.5 23.3 46.8 11.8 84.5
Nelson 84.7 11.9 2.8 8.6 16.6 15.6 46.2 21.6 44.0 13.3 83.5
Marlborough 85.9 14.9 3.7 5.4 16.6 14.4 45.0 23.9 46.1 16.9 79.4
West Coast 89.7 13.5 1.6 4.0 16.3 13.5 47.5 22.6 48.1 15.2 80.5
Canterbury 80.3 10.6 3.7 13.3 17.5 19.3 45.7 17.4 39.1 12.2 84.6
Otago 85.2 9.9 3.4 8.5 15.7 22.2 44.4 17.7 38.4 11.6 84.9
Southland 84.1 16.8 3.3 7.1 18.9 17.2 45.4 18.5 40.4 19.4 75.8
South Island 82.8 11.3 3.4 10.5 17.1 19.0 45.5 18.6 13.0 83.6
Area outside region 72.5 66.4 3.8 2.8 15.6 15.2 53.6 16.6 44.1 67.8 28.9
  New Zealand 67.8 17.8 8.9 17.3 18.7 19.4 45.3 16.6 38.1 19.6 77.6

References edit

  1. ^ Piper, Denise (24 January 2023). "Cheat Sheet: Everything you need to know about the 2023 Census". Stuff. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
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  6. ^ McRobie 1989, p. 95.
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  11. ^ "Duties of Statutory Officers (Census and Other Remedial Provisions) Bill (2011)". New Zealand Parliamentary Counsel Office. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
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  13. ^ "Next Census date announced with new measures after poor 2018 turnout". 1 News. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
  14. ^ Fallon, Virginia (4 February 2023). "Census 2023 will do better, especially for Māori, Stats NZ says". Stuff. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  15. ^ "Government's top statistician resigns in wake of Census 2018 debacle". 1 News. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
  16. ^ "2023 Census announced | Stats NZ". www.stats.govt.nz. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
  17. ^ a b c d Williams, David (5 April 2023). "Census turnout low despite $37m blowout". Newsroom. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  18. ^ a b "1m and counting: Time ticking on filling in 2023 census". Radio New Zealand. 6 March 2023. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  19. ^ a b "Census: More than 70,000 Bay of Plenty people have yet to return their forms". Bay of Plenty Times. NZME. 20 April 2023. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  20. ^ a b Pullar—Strecker, Tom (1 May 2023). "2023 Census heading for failure, forecasts National". Stuff. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
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  22. ^ Vance, Andrea (2 June 2024). "Stats NZ investigating potential misuse of Māori census data". The Post. Archived from the original on 1 June 2024. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
  23. ^ "'Serious' - Luxon responds to Te Pāti Māori allegations from Niue". NZ Herald. 5 June 2024.
  24. ^ "The Post politics live: Party leaders react to census claims". www.thepost.co.nz. 5 June 2024.
  25. ^ "Claims of Census data misuse by Manurewa Marae probed by Stats NZ". 1News. 4 June 2024.
  26. ^ "Stats NZ appoints Doug Craig to investigate census data misuse claims". RNZ. 5 June 2024.
  27. ^ "2023 Census population counts (by ethnic group, age, and Māori descent) and dwelling counts | Stats NZ". www.stats.govt.nz. Retrieved 29 May 2024.

Works cited edit

  • McRobie, Alan (1989). Electoral Atlas of New Zealand. Wellington: GP Books. ISBN 0-477-01384-8.
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