In astronomy, a transit instrument is a small telescope with extremely precisely graduated mount used for the precise observation of star positions. They were previously widely used in astronomical observatories and naval observatories to measure star positions in order to compile nautical almanacs for use by mariners for celestial navigation, and observe star transits to set extremely accurate clocks (astronomical regulators) which were used to set marine chronometers carried on ships to determine longitude, and as primary time standards before atomic clocks. The instruments can be divided into three groups: meridian, zenith, and universal instruments.

Meridian circle at the Kuffner observatory in Vienna, Austria

Types

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Meridian instruments

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For observation of star transits in the exact direction of South or North:

Zenith instruments

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Universal instruments

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Allow transit measurements in any direction

  • Theodolite (Describing a theodolite as a transit may refer to the ability to turn the telescope a full rotation on the horizontal axis, which provides a convenient way to reverse the direction of view, or to sight the same object with the yoke in opposite directions, which causes some instrumental errors to cancel.[1])
  • Altaz telescopes with graduated eyepieces (also for satellite transits)
  • Cinetheodolites

Observation techniques and accuracy

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Depending on the type of instrument, the measurements are carried out

The accuracy reaches from 0.2" (theodolites, small astrolabes) to 0.01" (modern meridian circles, Danjon). Early instruments (like the mural quadrants of Tycho Brahe) had no telescope and were limited to about 0.01°.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Brinker, Russell C. (1987), "Surveying Field Notes, Data Collectors", The Surveying Handbook, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 1–39, doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-1188-2_1, ISBN 978-1-4757-1190-5, retrieved 2022-09-24

Further reading

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