In geometry, a strophoid is a curve generated from a given curve C and points A (the fixed point) and O (the pole) as follows: Let L be a variable line passing through O and intersecting C at K. Now let P1 and P2 be the two points on L whose distance from K is the same as the distance from A to K (i.e. KP1 = KP2 = AK). The locus of such points P1 and P2 is then the strophoid of C with respect to the pole O and fixed point A. Note that AP1 and AP2 are at right angles in this construction.

Construction of a strophoid.
  Given curve C
  Variable line L which rotates about the pole O; intersects C at point K
  Circle centered at K whose size is constrained by the fixed point A; intersects L at P1 and P2
  Inner portion of the strophoid curve, traced by P1 as L rotates
  Outer portion of the strophoid curve, traced by P2 as L rotates

In the special case where C is a line, A lies on C, and O is not on C, then the curve is called an oblique strophoid. If, in addition, OA is perpendicular to C then the curve is called a right strophoid, or simply strophoid by some authors. The right strophoid is also called the logocyclic curve or foliate.

Equations

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Polar coordinates

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Let the curve C be given by   where the origin is taken to be O. Let A be the point (a, b). If   is a point on the curve the distance from K to A is

 

The points on the line OK have polar angle θ, and the points at distance d from K on this line are distance   from the origin. Therefore, the equation of the strophoid is given by

 

Cartesian coordinates

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Let C be given parametrically by (x(t), y(t)). Let A be the point (a, b) and let O be the point (p, q). Then, by a straightforward application of the polar formula, the strophoid is given parametrically by:

 

where

 

An alternative polar formula

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The complex nature of the formulas given above limits their usefulness in specific cases. There is an alternative form which is sometimes simpler to apply. This is particularly useful when C is a sectrix of Maclaurin with poles O and A.

Let O be the origin and A be the point (a, 0). Let K be a point on the curve, θ the angle between OK and the x-axis, and   the angle between AK and the x-axis. Suppose   can be given as a function θ, say   Let ψ be the angle at K so   We can determine r in terms of l using the law of sines. Since

 

Let P1 and P2 be the points on OK that are distance AK from K, numbering so that   and   P1KA is isosceles with vertex angle ψ, so the remaining angles,   and   are   The angle between AP1 and the x-axis is then

 

By a similar argument, or simply using the fact that AP1 and AP2 are at right angles, the angle between AP2 and the x-axis is then

 

The polar equation for the strophoid can now be derived from l1 and l2 from the formula above:

 

C is a sectrix of Maclaurin with poles O and A when l is of the form   in that case l1 and l2 will have the same form so the strophoid is either another sectrix of Maclaurin or a pair of such curves. In this case there is also a simple polar equation for the polar equation if the origin is shifted to the right by a.

Specific cases

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Oblique strophoids

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Let C be a line through A. Then, in the notation used above,   where α is a constant. Then   and   The polar equations of the resulting strophoid, called an oblique strphoid, with the origin at O are then

 

and

 

It's easy to check that these equations describe the same curve.

Moving the origin to A (again, see Sectrix of Maclaurin) and replacing −a with a produces

 

and rotating by   in turn produces

 

In rectangular coordinates, with a change of constant parameters, this is

 

This is a cubic curve and, by the expression in polar coordinates it is rational. It has a crunode at (0, 0) and the line y = b is an asymptote.

The right strophoid

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A right strophoid

Putting   in

 

gives

 

This is called the right strophoid and corresponds to the case where C is the y-axis, A is the origin, and O is the point (a, 0).

The Cartesian equation is

 

The curve resembles the Folium of Descartes[1] and the line x = –a is an asymptote to two branches. The curve has two more asymptotes, in the plane with complex coordinates, given by

 

Circles

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Let C be a circle through O and A, where O is the origin and A is the point (a, 0). Then, in the notation used above,   where   is a constant. Then   and   The polar equations of the resulting strophoid, called an oblique strophoid, with the origin at O are then

 

and

 

These are the equations of the two circles which also pass through O and A and form angles of   with C at these points.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Logocyclic Curve, Strophoid or Foliate" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 919.
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