Smooth structure

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In mathematics, a smooth structure on a manifold allows for an unambiguous notion of smooth function. In particular, a smooth structure allows mathematical analysis to be performed on the manifold.[1]

Definition

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A smooth structure on a manifold   is a collection of smoothly equivalent smooth atlases. Here, a smooth atlas for a topological manifold   is an atlas for   such that each transition function is a smooth map, and two smooth atlases for   are smoothly equivalent provided their union is again a smooth atlas for   This gives a natural equivalence relation on the set of smooth atlases.

A smooth manifold is a topological manifold   together with a smooth structure on  

Maximal smooth atlases

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By taking the union of all atlases belonging to a smooth structure, we obtain a maximal smooth atlas. This atlas contains every chart that is compatible with the smooth structure. There is a natural one-to-one correspondence between smooth structures and maximal smooth atlases. Thus, we may regard a smooth structure as a maximal smooth atlas and vice versa.

In general, computations with the maximal atlas of a manifold are rather unwieldy. For most applications, it suffices to choose a smaller atlas. For example, if the manifold is compact, then one can find an atlas with only finitely many charts.

Equivalence of smooth structures

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If   and   are two maximal atlases on   the two smooth structures associated to   and   are said to be equivalent if there is a diffeomorphism   such that   [citation needed]

Exotic spheres

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John Milnor showed in 1956 that the 7-dimensional sphere admits a smooth structure that is not equivalent to the standard smooth structure. A sphere equipped with a nonstandard smooth structure is called an exotic sphere.

E8 manifold

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The E8 manifold is an example of a topological manifold that does not admit a smooth structure. This essentially demonstrates that Rokhlin's theorem holds only for smooth structures, and not topological manifolds in general.

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The smoothness requirements on the transition functions can be weakened, so that the transition maps are only required to be  -times continuously differentiable; or strengthened, so that the transition maps are required to be real-analytic. Accordingly, this gives a   or (real-)analytic structure on the manifold rather than a smooth one. Similarly, a complex structure can be defined by requiring the transition maps to be holomorphic.

See also

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  • Smooth frame – Generalization of an ordered basis of a vector space
  • Atlas (topology) – Set of charts that describes a manifold

References

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  1. ^ Callahan, James J. (1974). "Singularities and plane maps". Amer. Math. Monthly. 81: 211–240. doi:10.2307/2319521.