In geometry, a heptagon or septagon is a seven-sided polygon or 7-gon.

Regular heptagon
A regular heptagon
TypeRegular polygon
Edges and vertices7
Schläfli symbol{7}
Coxeter–Dynkin diagrams
Symmetry groupDihedral (D7), order 2×7
Internal angle (degrees)≈128.571°
PropertiesConvex, cyclic, equilateral, isogonal, isotoxal
Dual polygonSelf

The heptagon is sometimes referred to as the septagon, using "sept-" (an elision of septua-, a Latin-derived numerical prefix, rather than hepta-, a Greek-derived numerical prefix; both are cognate) together with the Greek suffix "-agon" meaning angle.

Regular heptagon

edit

A regular heptagon, in which all sides and all angles are equal, has internal angles of 5π/7 radians (12847 degrees). Its Schläfli symbol is {7}.

Area

edit

The area (A) of a regular heptagon of side length a is given by:

 

This can be seen by subdividing the unit-sided heptagon into seven triangular "pie slices" with vertices at the center and at the heptagon's vertices, and then halving each triangle using the apothem as the common side. The apothem is half the cotangent of   and the area of each of the 14 small triangles is one-fourth of the apothem.

The area of a regular heptagon inscribed in a circle of radius R is   while the area of the circle itself is   thus the regular heptagon fills approximately 0.8710 of its circumscribed circle.

Construction

edit

As 7 is a Pierpont prime but not a Fermat prime, the regular heptagon is not constructible with compass and straightedge but is constructible with a marked ruler and compass. It is the smallest regular polygon with this property. This type of construction is called a neusis construction. It is also constructible with compass, straightedge and angle trisector. The impossibility of straightedge and compass construction follows from the observation that   is a zero of the irreducible cubic x3 + x2 − 2x − 1. Consequently, this polynomial is the minimal polynomial of 2cos(7), whereas the degree of the minimal polynomial for a constructible number must be a power of 2.

 
A neusis construction of the interior angle in a regular heptagon.
 
An animation from a neusis construction with radius of circumcircle  , according to Andrew M. Gleason[1] based on the angle trisection by means of the tomahawk. This construction relies on the fact that

 

 
Heptagon with given side length:
An animation from a neusis construction with marked ruler, according to David Johnson Leisk (Crockett Johnson).


Approximation

edit

An approximation for practical use with an error of about 0.2% is to use half the side of an equilateral triangle inscribed in the same circle as the length of the side of a regular heptagon. It is unknown who first found this approximation, but it was mentioned by Heron of Alexandria's Metrica in the 1st century AD, was well known to medieval Islamic mathematicians, and can be found in the work of Albrecht Dürer.[2][3] Let A lie on the circumference of the circumcircle. Draw arc BOC. Then   gives an approximation for the edge of the heptagon.

This approximation uses   for the side of the heptagon inscribed in the unit circle while the exact value is  .

Example to illustrate the error:
At a circumscribed circle radius r = 1 m, the absolute error of the 1st side would be approximately -1.7 mm

 

Other approximations

edit

There are other approximations of a heptagon using compass and straightedge, but they are time consuming to draw. [4]

Symmetry

edit
 
Symmetries of a regular heptagon. Vertices are colored by their symmetry positions. Blue mirror lines are drawn through vertices and edges. Gyration orders are given in the center.[5]

The regular heptagon belongs to the D7h point group (Schoenflies notation), order 28. The symmetry elements are: a 7-fold proper rotation axis C7, a 7-fold improper rotation axis, S7, 7 vertical mirror planes, σv, 7 2-fold rotation axes, C2, in the plane of the heptagon and a horizontal mirror plane, σh, also in the heptagon's plane.[6]

Diagonals and heptagonal triangle

edit
 
a=red, b=blue, c=green lines

The regular heptagon's side a, shorter diagonal b, and longer diagonal c, with a<b<c, satisfy[7]: Lemma 1 

 
 
 
  (the optic equation)

and hence

 

and[7]: Coro. 2 

 
 
 

Thus –b/c, c/a, and a/b all satisfy the cubic equation   However, no algebraic expressions with purely real terms exist for the solutions of this equation, because it is an example of casus irreducibilis.

The approximate lengths of the diagonals in terms of the side of the regular heptagon are given by

 

We also have[8]

 
 
 

and

 

A heptagonal triangle has vertices coinciding with the first, second, and fourth vertices of a regular heptagon (from an arbitrary starting vertex) and angles   and   Thus its sides coincide with one side and two particular diagonals of the regular heptagon.[7]

In polyhedra

edit

Apart from the heptagonal prism and heptagonal antiprism, no convex polyhedron made entirely out of regular polygons contains a heptagon as a face.

Star heptagons

edit

Two kinds of star heptagons (heptagrams) can be constructed from regular heptagons, labeled by Schläfli symbols {7/2}, and {7/3}, with the divisor being the interval of connection.

 
Blue, {7/2} and green {7/3} star heptagons inside a red heptagon.

Tiling and packing

edit
Triangle, heptagon, and 42-gon vertex
Hyperbolic heptagon tiling

A regular triangle, heptagon, and 42-gon can completely fill a plane vertex. However, there is no tiling of the plane with only these polygons, because there is no way to fit one of them onto the third side of the triangle without leaving a gap or creating an overlap. In the hyperbolic plane, tilings by regular heptagons are possible. There are also concave heptagon tilings possible in the Euclidean plane.[9]

 
The densest double lattice packing of the Euclidean plane by regular heptagons, conjectured to have the lowest maximum packing density of any convex set

The regular heptagon has a double lattice packing of the Euclidean plane of packing density approximately 0.89269. This has been conjectured to be the lowest density possible for the optimal double lattice packing density of any convex set, and more generally for the optimal packing density of any convex set.[10]

Empirical examples

edit
Heptagon divided into triangles, clay tablet from Susa, 2nd millennium BCE
Heptagonal dome of the Mausoleum of Prince Ernst

The United Kingdom, since 1982, has two heptagonal coins, the 50p and 20p pieces. The Barbados Dollar are also heptagonal. Strictly, the shape of the coins is a Reuleaux heptagon, a curvilinear heptagon which has curves of constant width; the sides are curved outwards to allow the coins to roll smoothly when they are inserted into a vending machine. Botswana pula coins in the denominations of 2 Pula, 1 Pula, 50 Thebe and 5 Thebe are also shaped as equilateral-curve heptagons. Coins in the shape of Reuleaux heptagons are also in circulation in Mauritius, U.A.E., Tanzania, Samoa, Papua New Guinea, São Tomé and Príncipe, Haiti, Jamaica, Liberia, Ghana, the Gambia, Jordan, Jersey, Guernsey, Isle of Man, Gibraltar, Guyana, Solomon Islands, Falkland Islands and Saint Helena. The 1000 Kwacha coin of Zambia is a true heptagon.

The Brazilian 25-cent coin has a heptagon inscribed in the coin's disk. Some old versions of the coat of arms of Georgia, including in Soviet days, used a {7/2} heptagram as an element.

A number of coins, including the 20 euro cent coin, have heptagonal symmetry in a shape called the Spanish flower.

In architecture, heptagonal floor plans are very rare. A remarkable example is the Mausoleum of Prince Ernst in Stadthagen, Germany.

Many police badges in the US have a {7/2} heptagram outline.

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ Gleason, Andrew Mattei (March 1988). "Angle trisection, the heptagon, and the triskaidecagon p. 186 (Fig.1) –187" (PDF). The American Mathematical Monthly. 95 (3): 185–194. doi:10.2307/2323624. JSTOR 2323624. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 December 2015.
  2. ^ Hogendijk, Jan P. (1987). "Abu'l-Jūd's Answer to a Question of al-Bīrūnī Concerning the Regular Heptagon" (PDF). Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 500 (1): 175–183. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb37202.x.
  3. ^ G.H. Hughes, "The Polygons of Albrecht Dürer-1525, The Regular Heptagon", Fig. 11 the side of the Heptagon (7) Fig. 15, image on the left side, retrieved on 4 December 2015
  4. ^ raumannkidwai. "Heptagon." Chart. Geogebra. Accessed January 20, 2024. https://www.geogebra.org/classic/CvsudDWr.
  5. ^ John H. Conway, Heidi Burgiel, Chaim Goodman-Strauss, (2008) The Symmetries of Things, ISBN 978-1-56881-220-5 (Chapter 20, Generalized Schaefli symbols, Types of symmetry of a polygon pp. 275-278)
  6. ^ Salthouse, J.A; Ware, M.J. (1972). Point group character tables and related data. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-08139-4.
  7. ^ a b c Abdilkadir Altintas, "Some Collinearities in the Heptagonal Triangle", Forum Geometricorum 16, 2016, 249–256.http://forumgeom.fau.edu/FG2016volume16/FG201630.pdf
  8. ^ Leon Bankoff and Jack Garfunkel, "The heptagonal triangle", Mathematics Magazine 46 (1), January 1973, 7–19.
  9. ^ Sycamore916, ed. "Heptagon." Polytope Wiki. Last modified November 2023. Accessed January 20, 2024. https://polytope.miraheze.org/wiki/Heptagon.
  10. ^ Kallus, Yoav (2015). "Pessimal packing shapes". Geometry & Topology. 19 (1): 343–363. arXiv:1305.0289. doi:10.2140/gt.2015.19.343. MR 3318753.
edit

Heptagon