Major professional tennis tournaments before the Open Era

Before the advent of the Open era of tennis competitions in April 1968, only amateurs were allowed to compete in established tournaments, including the four majors. There was no prize money and players were compensated for travel expenses only. However many top tennis players turned professional to play legally for prize money in the years before the open era. They played in separate professional events, mostly on tours involving head-to-head competition, but also in professional tournaments as the biggest events on the pro tour.[1] Professional tournaments, in particular the professional majors, usually only had a men's draw.

Professional majors

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In addition to the head-to-head tours, there were also major pro events, where the world's top professional male players often played. These tournaments held with a certain tradition and longevity. According to Ellsworth Vines, "the Wembley tournament in London..., the U.S. professional championship, and to some extent the tournament in Paris were the major professional tournaments prior to 1968."[2]

The oldest of these three tournaments was the U.S. Pro Tennis Championships, played at a variety of different venues and on a variety of different surfaces, between 1927 and 1999. The Wembley Championship, played between 1934 and 1990 at the Wembley Arena in the United Kingdom, was played on a wood surface through 1967. The third professional major was the French Pro Championship, where between 1930 and 1968 it was played on both clay and wood courts. A player who won all three in a calendar year was considered in retrospect by later tennis writers to achieve a "Professional Grand Slam", or "Pro Slam".[3][4]

In some years, professional tournaments other than the pro majors had stronger fields and offered more prize money. Jack Kramer designated the four major professional tournaments for the 1958/1959 seasons as follows; Forest Hills, Kooyong, L.A. Masters, Sydney.[5]

U.S. Pro Tennis Championships

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The U.S. Pro Tennis Championship, also known as the US Pro, and officially known as the Cleveland International Pro or Cleveland World Pro Tennis Championships between 1951 and 1962,[6] was an annual tournament, later known as MFS Pro Championships. It was first organized by player Vincent Richards when promoter C. C. Pyle withdrew interest in the project. It was first played on the Notlek courts located at 119th Street and Riverside Drive, Manhattan. The tournament was held at various locations in several states until 1964, when it moved to the Longwood Cricket Club in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts.[1] In both 1951 and 1954 there are two U.S. Pro tournaments listed here for each year.

French Pro Championship

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The French Pro Championship was first held in 1930, held by the "Association Française des Professeurs de Tennis (AFPT)", entitled "Championnat International de France Professionnel" (French Pro Championships) on June 18–22, 1930.[7] From 1930 the French Pro Championship was always played at Paris, on outdoor clay at Roland Garros except from 1963 to 1967 where it was held at Stade Pierre de Coubertin on indoor wood.

Wembley Championship

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The Wembley Championship, also known as the Wembley Pro, was held at the Wembley Arena, in London. This professional event ran from 1934 to 1967 and was originally played on a wood surface placed over the top of a drained pool. It was officially known as the "London Indoor Professional Championships" from 1951 through 1967.[8]

List of professional major champions

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Singles

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Year U.S. Pro French Pro Wembley Pro
1927   Vincent Richards (1/4) no competition no competition
1928   Vincent Richards (2/4) no competition no competition
1929   Karel Koželuh (1/4) no competition no competition
1930   Vincent Richards (3/4)   Karel Koželuh (2/4) no competition
1931   Bill Tilden (1/3)   Martin Plaa (1/1) no competition
1932   Karel Koželuh (3/4)   Robert Ramillon (1/1) no competition
1933   Vincent Richards (4/4) no competition no competition
1934   Hans Nüsslein (1/4)   Bill Tilden (2/3)   Ellsworth Vines (1/4)
1935   Bill Tilden (3/3)   Ellsworth Vines (2/4)   Ellsworth Vines (3/4)
1936   Joe Whalen (1/1)   Henri Cochet (1/1) no competition[a]
1937   Karel Koželuh (4/4) [b]   Hans Nüsslein (2/4)   Hans Nüsslein (3/4)
1938   Fred Perry (1/2)   Hans Nüsslein (4/4) no competition[a]
1939   Ellsworth Vines (4/4)   Don Budge (2/4)   Don Budge (1/4)
1940   Don Budge (3/4) no competition no competition
1941   Fred Perry (2/2) no competition no competition
1942   Don Budge (4/4) no competition no competition
1943   Bruce Barnes (1/1) no competition no competition
1944 no competition no competition no competition
1945   Welby Van Horn (1/1) no competition no competition
1946   Bobby Riggs (1/3) no competition no competition
1947   Bobby Riggs (2/3) no competition no competition
1948   Jack Kramer (1/2) no competition no competition
1949   Bobby Riggs (3/3) no competition   Jack Kramer (2/2)
1950   Pancho Segura (1/3) no competition[c]   Pancho Gonzales (1/13)
1951[d]   Frank Kovacs (1/1)
(Cleveland)
  Pancho Segura (2/3)
(Forest Hills)
no competition   Pancho Gonzales (2/13)
1952   Pancho Segura (3/3) no competition[c]   Pancho Gonzales (3/13)
1953   Pancho Gonzales (4/13) no competition[c]   Frank Sedgman (1/2)
1954   Pancho Gonzales (5/13)
(Cleveland)
  Pancho Gonzales (6/13)
(Los Angeles)
no competition no competition
1955   Pancho Gonzales (7/13) no competition no competition
1956   Pancho Gonzales (8/13)   Tony Trabert (1/2)   Pancho Gonzales (9/13)
1957   Pancho Gonzales (10/13) no competition   Ken Rosewall (1/15)
1958   Pancho Gonzales (11/13)   Ken Rosewall (2/15)   Frank Sedgman (2/2)
1959   Pancho Gonzales (12/13)   Tony Trabert (2/2)   Mal Anderson (1/1)
1960   Alex Olmedo (1/1)   Ken Rosewall (3/15)   Ken Rosewall (4/15)
1961   Pancho Gonzales (13/13)   Ken Rosewall (5/15)   Ken Rosewall (6/15)
1962   Butch Buchholz (1/1)   Ken Rosewall (7/15)   Ken Rosewall (8/15)
1963   Ken Rosewall (9/15)   Ken Rosewall (10/15)   Ken Rosewall (11/15)
1964   Rod Laver (1/8)   Ken Rosewall (12/15)   Rod Laver (2/8)
1965   Ken Rosewall (13/15)   Ken Rosewall (14/15)   Rod Laver (3/8)
1966   Rod Laver (4/8)   Ken Rosewall (15/15)   Rod Laver (5/8)
1967   Rod Laver (6/8)   Rod Laver (7/8)   Rod Laver (8/8)
  1. ^ a b The Wembley Championships of 1936 and 1938 did not take place. The London Daily Mail of August 24th 1936 contained an article stating that the 1936 Wembley event would not take place due to Tilden and Vines being unavailable. Ray Bowers, in his History of professional tennis, says that 1936 and 1938 Wembley tournaments never occurred and offers substantiating evidence for his assertion.[9][10]
  2. ^ The 1937 US Pro was the first pro event open to amateur players and is considered as both the U.S. Pro Tennis Championship and first "true" U.S. Open event.
  3. ^ a b c There were 4 man tournaments held in Paris in 1950, 1952 and 1953. The 1950 and 1953 tournaments were held indoors, whilst the 1952 tournament was held on clay at Roland Garros.[11]
  4. ^ The championship events from 1951–1962, were billed as the International Pro or World Pro Championship. In 1951, a U.S. Pro was held at Forest Hills authorized by the USPLTA, and an International Pro was held at Cleveland. There was no USPLTA U.S. Pro event held in 1952 or 1953, but the International Pro was held at Cleveland in those years and was regarded as the U.S. Pro.[12][13][14][15][16] In 1954, the USPLTA authorized Kramer to hold the U.S. Pro at L.A. Tennis Club in Los Angeles (this was the successor tournament to the 1951 U.S. Pro at Forest Hills and Segura was the defending champion).[17] The International Pro and World Pro events at Cleveland from 1951–62 were not authorized by the USPLTA to be the U.S. Pro, and were not billed as such.[18] The USPLTA were an organisation of teaching professionals and the touring professionals did enter U.S. Pro events in this period.[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] In some interviews in the 1950s, Gonzales and Segura referred to the Cleveland World Pro as "the National" or the "U.S. National Professional Championships".[27] There were many newspaper and magazine articles in the 1950s that also referred to Cleveland events as U.S. Pro.[28][20][29][30][31][32][33][34]

Doubles

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Year U.S. Pro Wembley Pro French Pro
1929   Karel Koželuh
  Vinny Richards
no competition no competition
1930   Howard Kinsey
  Vincent Richards
no competition   Karel Koželuh
  Roman Najuch
1931   Howard Kinsey
  Vincent Richards
no competition
1932   Bruce Barnes
  Bill Tilden
no competition
1933   Vincent Richards
  Charles Wood
no competition no competition
1934   Bruce Barnes
  Emmett Paré
1935   George Lott
  Lester Stoefen
  Bill Tilden
  Ellsworth Vines
  Bill Tilden
  Ellsworth Vines
1936   Harold Blauer
  Charles Wood
no competition   Henri Cochet
  Albert Burke
1937   George Lott
  Vincent Richards
  Hans Nüsslein
  Martin Plaa
  Lester Stoefen
  Bill Tilden
1938   Fred Perry
  Vincent Richards
no competition   Martin Plaa
  Robert Ramillon
1939   Bruce Barnes
  Keith Gledhill
  Don Budge
  Ellsworth Vines
1940   Don Budge
  Fred Perry
no competition no competition
1941   Don Budge
  Fred Perry
no competition no competition
1942   Don Budge
  Bobby Riggs
no competition no competition
1943   Bruce Barnes
  Gene Mako
no competition no competition
1944 no competition no competition no competition
1945   Vincent Richards
  Bill Tilden
no competition no competition
1946   Frank Kovacs
  Fred Perry
no competition no competition
1947   Don Budge
  Bobby Riggs
no competition no competition
1948   Jack Kramer
  Pancho Segura
no competition no competition
1949   Don Budge
  Frank Kovacs
  Jack Kramer
  Bobby Riggs
no competition
1950   Frank Kovacs
  Welby Van Horn
  Don Budge
  Pancho Gonzales
no competition
1951   Pancho Gonzales
  Pancho Segura
(Forest Hills)
  Pancho Gonzales
  Pancho Segura
no competition
1952 no competition   Pancho Gonzales
  Pancho Segura
no competition
1953   Don Budge
  Pancho Gonzales
  Don Budge
  Frank Sedgman
no competition
1954   Pancho Gonzales
  Pancho Segura
(Cleveland)
  Frank Sedgman
  Jack Kramer
(Los Angeles)
no competition no competition
1955   Jack Kramer
  Pancho Segura
no competition no competition
1956   Rex Hartwig
  Tony Trabert
  Pancho Gonzales
  Tony Trabert
  Pancho Gonzales
  Tony Trabert
1957   Pancho Gonzales
  Ken Rosewall
  Lew Hoad
  Ken Rosewall
no competition
1958   Pancho Gonzales
  Pancho Segura
  Pancho Gonzales
  Ken Rosewall
  Lew Hoad
  Tony Trabert
1959 no competition   Lew Hoad
  Tony Trabert
  Lew Hoad
  Tony Trabert
1960   Ashley Cooper
  Alex Olmedo
  Ken Rosewall
  Frank Sedgman
  Lew Hoad
  Tony Trabert
1961   Andrés Gimeno
  Frank Sedgman
  Lew Hoad
  Ken Rosewall
  Lew Hoad
  Ken Rosewall
1962   Butch Buchholz
  Barry MacKay
  Lew Hoad
  Ken Rosewall
  Lew Hoad
  Ken Rosewall
1963   Rod Laver
  Ken Rosewall
  Alex Olmedo
  Frank Sedgman
  Lew Hoad
  Ken Rosewall
1964 no competition   Lew Hoad
  Ken Rosewall
  Lew Hoad
  Ken Rosewall
1965 no competition   Butch Buchholz
  Rod Laver
  Mal Anderson
  Ken Rosewall
1966   Butch Buchholz
  Rod Laver
  Lew Hoad
  Ken Rosewall
  Butch Buchholz
  Rod Laver
1967   Dennis Ralston
  Ken Rosewall
  Rod Laver
  Fred Stolle
  Pierre Barthès
  Andrés Gimeno

Source:[35]

Other important tournaments

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The Championships at Wimbledon, the U.S. Championships, the French Championships, and the Australian Championships were typically the top events, where amateur players could compete for the title, albeit without prize money. Since the professional circuit was less organized and somewhat less popular than the amateur circuit, the professional events hierarchy changed each year. In 1934 the U.S. Pro was a high-class tournament with all top ranked pro players whereas in 1936 it was a meeting between pro teachers without any leading pro players. A tournament could even be canceled at any time due to poor attendance.

Consequently, for a given year a pro tournament was important when it attracted the best pro players and then another year this same tournament could be a second-rank tournament because few or no leading players came. Before the open era in addition to numerous small tournaments and head-to-head tours between the leading professionals, there were some major tournaments which stood out at different periods. Some survived sporadically because of financial collapses while others temporarily rose to the highest levels of competition when other tournaments weren't held. These include:

Bristol Cup: 1920–1932

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Sometimes labelled "Professional Championships of France" this tournament was held on the French Riviera at Menton, at Cannes.[36]

Professional Championship of the World: 1927–1928

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This event was held in October on clay courts, at the Queen's Club in London. In 1928 Myers of the Daily Telegraph wrote that "this was the best pro tournament ever held in England."[36]

List of Queen's Club Pro winners:

Year Champion Runner-up Score
1927   Dan Maskell   Charles R Read 6–3, 6–3, 6–4
1928   Robert Ramillon   Edmund Burke 6–1, 6–3, 5–7, 6–4

World Pro Championship: 1932–1933

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The World Pro Championship were held in 1932 and 1933 in Berlin at the Rot-Weiss club, on clay. It had a very large participation (over 80 players). According to Ray Bowers, the tournament at the time was regarded as the most prestigious professional tournament in the world.[37]

List of World Pro winners:

Year Champion Runner-up
1932   Martin Plaa   Bill Tilden
1933   Hans Nüsslein   Bill Tilden

Bonnardel Cup: 1935–1937

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This was a team tournament created by Bill Tilden and modeled on the Davis Cup format. In 1935, early rounds in France were hoped to be played at Roland Garros,[38] but the French Tennis Association would not allow the event to be played at the stadium.[39][40]

Year Champions
1935   France
1936   United States
1937   France

International Pro Championship of Britain: 1935–1939

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The International Pro Championship of Britain (also known as the Southport Pro, as well as the Southport Dunlop Cup for sponsorship purposes) was a professional tennis tournament held at Victoria Park in Southport between 1935 and 1939. It was open to professional players only, amateurs were not allowed to compete. The tournament was held on outdoor En-tout-cas, "all-weather" artificial clay.[39]

List of International Pro Championship of Britain winners:

Year Champion Runner-up Score
1935   Ellsworth Vines   Bill Tilden 6–1, 6–8, 4–6, 6–2, 6–2[41]
1936   Hans Nüsslein   Henri Cochet (Round Robin)[42]
1937   Hans Nüsslein   Robert Ramillon 6–4, 6–3, 2–6, 6–4[43]
1938   Hans Nüsslein   Bill Tilden (Round Robin)[44]
1939   Hans Nüsslein   Bill Tilden 6–2, 7–5, 6–4 [45]

U.S. Pro Hard Courts: 1945–1946

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In LA; the only significant pro tournament of the last year of World War II, although missing Frank Kovacs and Welby Van Horn.[citation needed]

Year Champion
1945   Bobby Riggs
1946   Bobby Riggs

Philadelphia U.S. Pro Indoor: 1950–1952

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Year Champion[citation needed]
1950   Pancho Gonzales
1951   Jack Kramer
1952   Pancho Gonzales

Australian Pro: 1954

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The Australian Pro was a men's professional tournament held in 1954 and it was billed as the Australian Professional Championships.[46]

Tournament of Champions: 1957–1959

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The Tournament of Champions was a prominent professional tennis tournament series between 1957 and 1959. The tournament was held on the grass-courts of Forest Hills, New York, between 1957 and 1959, and an Australian version of the Tournament of Champions was held on grass at White City, Sydney in 1957 and 1959, and at Kooyong Stadium in Melbourne in 1958. The 1957 and 1958 Forest Hills tournaments had a round robin format, while the 1959 Forest Hills was an elimination tournament with 10 players. The Sydney version was an elimination event, while the 1958 Kooyong event was a round robin format.

The 1957 Forest Hills Tournament of Champions was broadcast live nationally in the U.S.A. on the CBS television network in its entirety, the only known professional tennis tournament in the U.S.A. to achieve this status before the Open Era. (The CBS Dallas pro tennis tournament in 1965 was filmed and broadcast one match at a time in a weekly series.) The 1959 Forest Hills Tournament of Champions offered the largest winners' cheques of the year. The current designation by the West Side Tennis Club of the 1957–59 Forest Hills TOC is "WCT Tournament of Champions".[47] Kramer's contemporary brochures described the Ampol series, of which the 1959 Forest Hills TOC was a part, with the term "World Championship Tennis".[48]

The 1958 Kooyong Tournament of Champions was the richest tournament of the series, with a prize money of 10,000 Australian pounds (US$24,000).

List of Tournament of Champions winners:
Forest Hills (New York)

Year Champion Runner-up Score
1957   Pancho Gonzales[49]   Frank Sedgman (Round Robin)
1958   Pancho Gonzales[50]   Ken Rosewall (Round Robin)
1959   Lew Hoad[51]   Pancho Gonzales 6–1, 5–7, 6–2, 6–1

White City (Sydney) and Kooyong (Melbourne)

Year Champion Runner-up Score
1957   Pancho Segura   Frank Sedgman 7–5, 6–0, 6–4
1958   Lew Hoad[52]   Frank Sedgman (Round Robin)
1959   Pancho Gonzales   Lew Hoad 11–9, 6–1, 6–1

Masters Pro: 1956–1965

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Round Robin in Los Angeles, held from 1956 to 1960, and again in 1964, 1965, and 1967. The Ampol Masters Pro was held at White City in Sydney in 1958.

Masters Pro winners:

Year Champion Runner-up Score
1956   Pancho Gonzales   Frank Sedgman (Round Robin)
1957   Pancho Gonzales   Frank Sedgman (Round Robin)
1958   Pancho Segura
(L.A. Tennis Club)
  Pancho Gonzales (Round Robin)
  Frank Sedgman
(Sydney White City)
  Tony Trabert 3–6, 4–6, 7–5, 6–3, 6–4
1959   Pancho Gonzales   Lew Hoad (Round Robin)
1960   Ken Rosewall
1964   Ken Rosewall   Frank Sedgman 6–2, 6–4
1965   Rod Laver   Pancho Gonzales 3–6, 6–3, 7–5

Kramer Cup: 1961–1963

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A team format tournament.[53]

Year Champions
1961   Australia
1962   Australia
1963   Australia

Madison Square Garden Pro: 1966–1967

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Madison Square Garden Pro winners:

Year Champion Runner-up Score
1954   Pancho Gonzales   Pancho Segura 7–9, 6–4, 6–4
1966   Ken Rosewall   Rod Laver 6–3, 6–3
1967   Rod Laver   Ken Rosewall 6–4, 6–4
1968   Tony Roche   Pancho Gonzales 6–3, 6–4
1969   Rod Laver   Roy Emerson 6–2, 4–6, 6–1

Forest Hills Pro: 1966

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The Forest Hills Pro was held in June 1966 on the grass courts of the West Side Tennis Club using the VASSS Scoring System.[citation needed]

Forest Hills Pro winner:

Year Champion
1966   Rod Laver

Wimbledon Pro: 1967

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The Wimbledon World Professional Championship, also known as the Wimbledon Pro, was held in August 1967. It was first time that professional tennis players played on Centre Court at Wimbledon.[54] The tournament was sponsored and broadcast by the BBC to mark the invention of colour television.[55]

Wimbledon Pro winner:

Year Champion Runner-up Score
1967   Rod Laver   Ken Rosewall 6–2, 6–2, 12–10

References

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  1. ^ a b Robertson, Max (1974). Encyclopedia of Tennis. New York, Viking Press. pp. 60–71. ISBN 9780670294084.
  2. ^ Tennis Myth and Method (1978), Ellsworth Vines and Gene Vier (ISBN 9780670696659), page 43
  3. ^ Geist, Robert (1999). Ken Rosewall: Der Grosse Meister. Austria. p. 137.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. ^ Lee, Raymond (September 2007). "Greatest Player of All Time: A Statistical Analysis". Tennis Week Magazine.
  5. ^ World Tennis, November, 1958
  6. ^ Sports Illustrated, 22 April 1957, "...officially known as the World Pro Tennis Championships." https://vault.si.com/vault/1957/04/22/a-class-reunion
  7. ^ Chevallier, Jean-Pierre (2007). le Tennis en France 1875-1955. Alan Sutton. ISBN 978-2849106266.
  8. ^ "Forgotten Victories". Retrieved September 26, 2012.
  9. ^ "History of the Pro Tennis Wars Chapter VII". Retrieved September 25, 2012.
  10. ^ "History of the Pro Tennis Wars, Chapter IX". Retrieved September 25, 2012.
  11. ^ McCauley (2000)
  12. ^ "The Philadelphia Inquirer, 20 December 1953". 20 December 1953 – via newspapers.com.
  13. ^ "Corpus Christi Caller Times, 12 March 1953". 12 March 1953 – via newspapers.com.
  14. ^ "The Philadelphia Inquirer, 4 April 1953". 4 April 1953 – via newspapers.com.
  15. ^ "The Tampa Tribune, 11 April 1953". 11 April 1953 – via newspapers.com.
  16. ^ "The Philadelphia Inquirer, 27 December 1953". 27 December 1953 – via newspapers.com.
  17. ^ The Los Angeles Times, 11 May 1954
  18. ^ "Renowned players grace USPTA Championships". USPTA. Archived from the original on 5 June 2019. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  19. ^ "The Philadelphia Inquirer, 20 December 1953". 20 December 1953 – via newspapers.com.
  20. ^ a b Harold E. Donohue (July 1956). "Pancho Gonzales: Mixed-Up Champion". Pageant. p. 112.
  21. ^ "Corpus Christi Caller Times, 12 March 1953". 12 March 1953 – via newspapers.com.
  22. ^ "The Philadelphia Inquirer, 4 April 1953". 4 April 1953 – via newspapers.com.
  23. ^ "The Tampa Tribune, 11 April 1953". 11 April 1953 – via newspapers.com.
  24. ^ "The Philadelphia Inquirer, 27 December 1953". 27 December 1953 – via newspapers.com.
  25. ^ "The Times (Shreveport), 16 February 1956". 16 February 1956 – via newspapers.com.
  26. ^ "Star Press (Muncie), 18 March 1957". 18 March 1957 – via newspapers.com.
  27. ^ Man with a racket: The autobiography of Pancho Gonzales (1959), p.111
  28. ^ "The Philadelphia Inquirer, 20 December 1953". 20 December 1953 – via newspapers.com.
  29. ^ "Corpus Christi Caller Times, 12 March 1953". 12 March 1953 – via newspapers.com.
  30. ^ "The Philadelphia Inquirer, 4 April 1953". 4 April 1953 – via newspapers.com.
  31. ^ "The Tampa Tribune, 11 April 1953". 11 April 1953 – via newspapers.com.
  32. ^ "The Philadelphia Inquirer, 27 December 1953". 27 December 1953 – via newspapers.com.
  33. ^ "The Times (Shreveport), 16 February 1956". 16 February 1956 – via newspapers.com.
  34. ^ "Star Press (Muncie), 18 March 1957". 18 March 1957 – via newspapers.com.
  35. ^ McCauley (2000), pp. 256–257.
  36. ^ a b Bowers, Ray. "History of the Pro Tennis Wars, Chapter 2, part 1: 1927-1928". tennisserver.com.
  37. ^ Bowers, Ray. "History of the Pro Tennis Wars Chapter IV: Tilden and Nusslein, 1932-1933". tennisserver.com.
  38. ^ "Professional Davis Cup Is Created; 9 Countries to Compete for Trophy". The Tribune. Vol. IX, no. 220. International, Australia. 15 December 1933. p. 7. Retrieved 25 April 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  39. ^ a b Bowers, Ray. "History of the Pro Tennis Wars, Chapter VI: Vines's Second Year: 1935". tennisserver.com.
  40. ^ "Professional Tennis Ban". Barrier Miner. 1935. Retrieved September 26, 2012.
  41. ^ "Forgotten Victories: History of the Pro Tennis Wars, Chapter VI: Vines's Second Year: 1935". tennisserver.com. Retrieved 2011-08-07.
  42. ^ "History of the Pro Tennis Wars, Chapter VII: Awaiting Perry, 1936". tennisserver.com. Retrieved 2011-08-07.
  43. ^ "History of the Pro Tennis Wars, Chapter VIII: Perry and Vines, 1937". tennisserver.com. Retrieved 2011-08-07.
  44. ^ "History of the Pro Tennis Wars, Chapter IX: Readying for Budge, 1938". tennisserver.com. Retrieved 2011-08-07.
  45. ^ "Forgotten Victories: History of the Pro Tennis Wars 1926-1945, Chapter X: Budge's Great Pro Year, 1939". tennisserver.com. Retrieved 2011-08-07.
  46. ^ "Pro. title goes to Sedgman". The Sun-Herald. 28 November 1954. p. 40 – via National Library of Australia.
  47. ^ "History Timeline".
  48. ^ Kramer 1959 tour fall brochure. https://douglasstewart.com.au/product/jack-kramer-presents-world-championship-tennis/
  49. ^ McCauley (2000), pp. 75–77, 206
  50. ^ McCauley (2000), pp. 84, 209
  51. ^ McCauley (2000), pp. 93, 212–213
  52. ^ "Hoad defeats Sedgman to take Tourney". Canberra Times. 31 January 1958. p. 16. Retrieved 28 November 2019 – via National Library of Australia.
  53. ^ "The Kramer Cup Runneth All Over The Court". Sports Illustrated. Nov 20, 1961.
  54. ^ Barrett, John (2014). Wimbledon: The Official History (4th ed.). Vision Sports Publishing. p. 122. ISBN 9-781909-534230.
  55. ^ "First regular colour television programme". BBC. 22 June 2013.

Bibliography

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  • McCauley, Joe (2000). The History of Professional Tennis. Windsor: The Short Run Book Company Limited.
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