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Lunar Orbiter 1

The 1966 Lunar Orbiter 1 robotic spacecraft mission, part of NASA's Lunar Orbiter program,[9] was the first American spacecraft to orbit the Moon. It was designed primarily to photograph smooth areas of the lunar surface for selection and verification of safe landing sites for the Surveyor and Apollo missions. It was also equipped to collect selenodetic, radiation intensity, and micrometeoroid impact data.

Lunar Orbiter 1
Replica of a Lunar Orbiter spacecraft
Mission typeLunar orbiter
OperatorNASA
COSPAR ID1966-073A Edit this at Wikidata
SATCAT no.2394
Websitescience.nasa.gov
Mission duration2 months, 19 days
Spacecraft properties
ManufacturerBoeing
Launch mass386.9 kg (853 lb)[1]
Dimensions3.72 × 1.65 × 1.5 m (12.2 × 5.4 × 4.9 ft)[2]
Power375 watts[2]
Start of mission
Launch dateAugust 10, 1966, 19:31 (1966-08-10UTC19:31) UTC[3]
RocketAtlas SLV-3 Agena-D
Launch siteCape Canaveral LC-13
End of mission
DisposalDeorbited
Decay dateOctober 29, 1966, 13:29:06 (1966-10-29UTC13:29:07) UTC[4][2]
Orbital parameters
Reference systemSelenocentric
Semi-major axis2,694 km (1,674 mi)
Eccentricity0.33
Periselene altitude189.1 to 40.5 km (117.5 to 25.2 mi)
Aposelene altitude1,866.8 km (1,160.0 mi)
Inclination12 degrees
Period208.1 minutes
Lunar orbiter
Orbital insertionAugust 14, 1966
Impact site6°21′N 160°43′E / 6.35°N 160.72°E / 6.35; 160.72
Orbits577
Transponders
Frequency2295 MHz[2]

Mission summary

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Mission controllers injected the spacecraft into a parking orbit around Earth on August 10, 1966, at 19:31 UTC.[10] The trans-lunar injection burn occurred at 20:04 UTC. The spacecraft experienced a temporary failure of the Canopus star tracker (probably due to stray sunlight) and overheating during its cruise to the Moon. The star tracker problem was resolved by navigating using the Moon as a reference, and the overheating was abated by orienting the spacecraft 36 degrees off-Sun to lower the temperature.[4]

Lunar Orbiter 1 was injected into an elliptical near-equatorial lunar orbit 92.1 hours after launch. The initial orbit was 189.1 km × 1,866.8 km (117.5 mi × 1,160.0 mi) and had a period of 3 hours 37 minutes and an inclination of 12.2 degrees.[10] On August 21, perilune was dropped to 58 km (36 mi) and on August 25 to 40.5 km (25.2 mi). The spacecraft acquired photographic data from August 18 to 29, 1966, and readout occurred through September 14, 1966.

 
Spacecraft orbit and photographic coverage on the near side (left) and far side (right)

A total of 42 high-resolution and 187 medium-resolution frames were taken and transmitted to Earth covering more than 5 million square kilometers of the Moon's surface, accomplishing about 75% of the intended mission, although a number of the early high-resolution photos showed severe smearing. It also took the first two pictures of Earth from the Moon.[11] Accurate data were acquired from all other experiments throughout the mission.[12]

While not disclosed until after the end of the Cold War, the imaging system on the Lunar Orbiter spacecraft were the same Eastman Kodak cameras developed by the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) for the SAMOS reconnaissance satellites.[13] NASA extended the camera innovation further by developing the film onboard the spacecraft and then scanning the photos for transmission via a video signal.[14]

Orbit tracking showed a slight "pear-shape" of the Moon based on the gravity field, and no micrometeorite impacts were detected. The spacecraft was tracked until it impacted the lunar surface on command at 7 degrees north latitude, 161 degrees east longitude (selenographic coordinates) on the Moon's far side on October 29, 1966, on its 577th orbit.[10] The early end of the nominal one-year mission resulted from a shortage of remaining attitude control gas and other deteriorating conditions and was planned to avoid transmission interference with Lunar Orbiter 2.[10]

Instruments
Lunar Photographic Studies Evaluation of Apollo and Surveyor landing sites
Meteoroid Detectors Detection of micrometeoroids in the lunar environment
Caesium Iodide Dosimeters Radiation environment en route to and near the Moon
Selenodesy Gravitational field and physical properties of the Moon
  •  
    Launch of Lunar Orbiter 1 from an Atlas-Agena rocket in August 10, 1966
  •  
    The first image of Earth from the distance of the Moon, August 23, 1966. This probe took a second such image on August 25.
  •  
    Part of the photo to the left as reprocessed by LOIRP in 2008.
  •  
    Full reprocessed image from 2008.

See also

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lunar Orbiter 1.


References

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  1. ^ Asif Siddiqi (2018). Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration, 1958–2016 (PDF) (second ed.). NASA. ISBN 978-1-626-83043-1.
  2. ^ a b c d "Lunar Orbiter 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. NASA. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
  3. ^ Lunar Orbiter I: Extended Mission Spacecraft Subsystem Performance (Report). NASA. September 1967. p. 37. NASA-CR-870.
  4. ^ a b "Lunar Orbiter 1: America's First Lunar Satellite". Drew Ex Machina. 14 August 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
  5. ^ "Lunar Orbiter 1: Cesium Iodide Dosimeters". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. NASA. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
  6. ^ "Lunar Orbiter 1: Lunar Photographic Studies". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. NASA. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
  7. ^ "Lunar Orbiter 1: Meteoroid Detectors". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. NASA. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
  8. ^ "Lunar Orbiter 1: Selenodesy". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. NASA. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
  9. ^ B. A. Byers (1976). Destination Moon: A History of the Lunar Orbiter Program. NASA. ISBN 978-1-495-92029-5. NASA-TM-X-3487. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
  10. ^ a b c d "Lunar Orbiter 1". science.nasa.gov. NASA. 12 September 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
  11. ^ "Lunar Orbiter Photo Gallery - Mission 1". Lunar and Planetary Institute. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
  12. ^ Thomas P. Hansen (1970). Guide to Lunar Orbiter Photographs. NASA. ASIN B003Z5I8CO. ISBN 978-1-499-16108-3. NASA-SP-242. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
  13. ^ R. Cargill Hall (October 2001). "SAMOS to the Moon: The Clandestine Transfer of Reconnaissance Technology Between Government Agencies" (PDF). www.nro.gov. National Reconnaissance Office. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
  14. ^ Jon Kelvey (10 August 2021). "Lunar Orbiter 1: One "Ingenious" Invention Changed Space Exploration Forever". Inverse.com. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
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