Jiribam District (Meitei pronunciation: /jee-ree-baam/) is a district at the western periphery state of Manipur, India. It borders the Cachar district of Assam on the west, and serves as the western gateway for Manipur. Formerly a subdivision of the Imphal East district, it was made an independent district in December 2016.[1]
Jiribam district | |
|---|---|
 Location in Manipur | |
| Country |  India |
| State | Manipur |
| Established | 2016 |
| Headquarters | Jiribam |
| Area | |
| • Total | 232 km2 (90 sq mi) |
| Population | |
| • Total | 43,838 |
| • Density | 190/km2 (490/sq mi) |
| Language(s) | |
| • Official | Meitei (officially called Manipuri) |
| • Spoken | Bengali • Hmar • Other tribal languages |
| Time zone | UTC+05:30 (IST) |
| Major highways | NH-37 |
Geography and history
editJiribam district lies in the valley between the Bhuban range on the west (in Assam's Cachar district) and the Vangai range (also called "Vangaitang") in the east. The Barak River flows due north in the valley from Tipaimukh, turning west near Jiribam. The Jiri River flows south, draining into the Barak River, a little distance to the south of Jiribam.
The area of Jiribam district appears to have been part of the Cachar kingdom at the beginning of the 19th century. After annexing the kingdom in 1832, the British made an agreement with Raja Gambhir Singh of Manipur ceding all claims to the territory up to the western stretch of Barak River[a] and the Jiri River. Thus the eastern portion of the Jiribam valley came under the control of Manipur, while the rest remained under Cachar which became part of Assam.[3][4]
The Jiribam Valley was at that time forested and mostly uninhabited.[5] The Cachar portion of the valley had a ferry port at Jirighat, which was used by the travellers on the Silchar–Manipur road (called "Cachar Road" in Manipur).[6] The Manipur state government decided to open the valley for agricultural settlement in 1907,[5] and by 1911, 14,346 bighas of land is said to have been settled.[7] Rice and sugarcane were cultivated, and betel leaf (pan) in areas unsuitable for rice cultivation.[7]
By 1931, there were 46 villages in the Jiribam settlement, populated by Manipuri (Meitei) Hindus and Muslims, Bengali Hindus and Muslims, a few Kukis and Kabuis.[5] Jiribam also had 5 primary schools, the same number as in the Imphal Valley outside the city of Imphal.[8] Most of the settlers in Jiribam came from the Cachar district, very few from the Imphal Valley (Manipur valley).[5] This meant that the settlers had to be treated as 'British subjects' rather than 'Manipur state subjects' and revenue settlement orders and dispute resolutions had to be carried out by the British Political Agent.[9]
After the independence of India, Manipur elected a legislative assembly under its own constitution. Ten seats in the assembly were allocated to the hill areas, which included Jiribam.[10] Soon afterwards, Manipur merged into India and was governed under the Constitution of India as a union territory.[b] The territory of Manipur was divided into 8 subdivisions, one of which was based at Jiribam. The Jiribam subdivision covered the Vangai range, and stretched up to Tipaimukh in the south.[11] It was designated as a hill subdivision.[12]
In 1969, when Manipur was divided into five districts, the southern part of the Jiribam subdivision was separated into the Tipaimukh subdivision of the 'Manipur South' district (now in Pherzawl district), while the northern part was added to the 'Manipur Central' district headquartered at Imphal.[13] [14][15] This also meant that Jiribam became part of the valley area of Manipur, rather than hill area.[10] To avoid the anomaly, the eastern part consisting of the Vangai range was transferred to the Tipaimukh subdivision.[16] With the reorganisation of 'Manipur Central', Jiribam got attached to the Imphal East district. In 2016, Jiribam subdivision became an independent Jiribam district.[17]
Demographics
editAt the time of the 2011 census, the district had a population of 42,838. Jiribam had a sex ratio of 945 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 63.11%. 16.75% of the population lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 16.94% and 12.52% of the population respectively.[19]
At the time of the 2011 census, 50.79% of the population spoke Bengali, 30.51% Manipuri, 8.04% Hmar, 2.66% Bishnupuriya, 1.63% Hindi, 1.46% Kabui and 1.11% Kuki as their first language.[2]
Administrative divisions
editThe following are the sub-divisions in Jiribam district:
Jiribam district as a whole is one state assembly constituency - the Jiribam Assembly constituency.[20]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ The Barak River flows south till Tipaimukh and then makes an almost 180°-bend to flow north till Jirimukh. The region between these two stretches might have been contested between Manipur and Kachar prior to 1833.
- ^ In 1950, it was termed a Part 'C' state, later changed to 'union territory' in 1956.
References
edit- ^ "Creation of new districts could be game-changer in Manipur polls | opinion". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
- ^ a b "Table C-16 Population by mother tongue: Manipur". Census of India. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011.
- ^ Sanjeev, Thingnam (2015), "Recasting Space: Politics of frontier-making", in Arambam Noni; Kangujam Sanatomba (eds.), Colonialism and Resistance: Society and State in Manipur, Routledge, p. 243, ISBN 978-1-317-27066-9
- ^ Goshwami, Hareshwar (2019). History of the People of Manipur (Revised ed.). YAOL. pp. 24–25, 251. ISBN 978-1-9993057-0-3 – via archive.org.
- ^ a b c d Administration Report for 1931-32 (1932), p. 55.
- ^ Gazetteer of Bengal and North-East India (1979), p. 189; Imperial Gazetteer of India, Vol. XIV, pp. 177–178
- ^ a b Higgins, J. C. (1912), Administration Report of The Manipur State For The Year 1911-12, Calcutta: Thacker, Spink & Co, p. 4 – via archive.org
- ^ Administration Report for 1931-32 (1932), p. 41.
- ^ Administration Report for 1931-32 (1932), pp. 57–58.
- ^ a b Shakum, Rev. Banjamin (18 July 2017), "Hill People of Jiribam-Quo Vadimus (Where are we Going)?", Fox Journal, archived from the original on 10 April 2018
- ^ Manipur Administrative Atlas (2005), pp. 12–15, Map 7.
- ^ Manipur Gazette, No. 10-E-3, 25 May 1951. "The Hill areas of the State of Manipur shall consist of the following: 1. The whole of the Ukhrul, Churachandpur, Tamenglong, and Jiribam Sub-Divisions and the areas formerly comprised in the now-defunct Mao and Tengnoupal Subdivisions which have since been amalgamated with the Sadar and Thoubal Sub-Divisions respectively...."
- ^
- Kshetri, Rajendra (2006), District Councils in Manipur:Formation and Functioning, Akansha, pp. 10–11, ISBN 8183700411
- ^ Census of India, 1971 (1972), p. 1.
- ^ Manipur Administrative Atlas (2005), pp. 16–17, Map 8.
- ^ Manipur Administrative Atlas (2005), pp. 18–19, Map 9.
- ^ Khelen Thokchom, More districts in Manipur, The Telegraph (Kolkata), 9 December 2016. ProQuest 2290178396
- ^ "Table C-01 Population by religious community: Manipur". Census of India. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011.
- ^ "District Census Hand Book - Imphal East" (PDF). Census of India. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
- ^ "Jiribham assembly seat".
Bibliography
edit- Census of India, Manipur, Part II (PDF), 1972
- Manipur Administrative Atlas (PDF), Census of India, Government of India, 2005
- Allen, B. C.; Gait, E. A.; Allen, C. G. H.; Howard, H. F. (1979) [1857], Gazetteer of Bengal and North-East India, Delhi: Mittal Publications – via archive.org
- Harvey, C. W. L. (1932), Administration Report of The Manipur State For The Year 1931-32, Imphal: The State Printing Press – via archive.org