The Hart–Agnew Law was an anti-gambling bill passed into law by the Legislature of the State of New York on June 11, 1908. It was an amalgam of bills enacted as Chapter 506 and 507 which were sponsored by conservative Assemblyman Merwin K. Hart and Republican Senator George B. Agnew.[1]

For more than a decade, moral activists, including the YMCA,[2] had demanded New York enact legislation similar to that passed in 1898 by the state of New Jersey which banned both gambling and horse racing.[3] Newly elected Republican Governor of New York Charles Evans Hughes advocated changes to gambling laws and in January 1908 he recommended the repeal of the Percy–Gray Law of 1895 and its replacement with strict new anti-gambling legislation that would provide substantial fines and a prison term for those convicted of betting.[4]

Effect on horse racing

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Although the Hart–Agnew law was regularly referred to as the anti-racing law,[5] horse racing did continue under the interpretation that oral betting between patrons was still legal. However, Governor Hughes ensured the law was strictly enforced [6] and on June 15, 1908, The New York Times reported that 150 police officers plus more than fifty in plain clothes arrived at Gravesend Race Track on Coney Island to uphold the new law.[7] Their instructions were to arrest men who congregated in groups of more than three and arrest anyone who was seen writing anything on a newspaper, a racing program or even a piece of plain paper that might be construed as betting.

Despite opposition from prominent owners such as August Belmont Jr. and Harry Payne Whitney, reform legislators were not happy that betting was still going on at racetracks and they had further restrictive legislation passed by the New York Legislature in 1910[8] that made it possible for racetrack owners and members of its board of directors to be fined and imprisoned if anyone was found betting, even privately, anywhere on their premises. After a 1911 amendment to the law to limit the liability of owners and directors was defeated,[9] every racetrack in New York State shut down. The economic ramifications were substantial and especially hard hit was the town of Saratoga Springs, where entrepreneurs had made substantial investments in a variety of businesses to serve the racing industry and its patrons. Numerous Saratoga businesses went bankrupt, hotels suffered a sharp decline in guests, and real estate values collapsed.[10] Owners, whose horses of racing age had nowhere to go, began shipping them and their trainers to England and France. Many ended their racing careers there, and a number remained to become an important part of the European horse breeding industry. Thoroughbred Times reported that more than 1,500 American horses were sent overseas between 1908 and 1913 and that of them, at least 24 were either past, present, or future Champions.[11]

Aftermath

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Due to the turmoil surrounding the industry following the closure of the New Jersey racetracks in 1898, a number of top American jockeys such as Guy Garner, Tod Sloan, Danny Maher, Skeets Martin, Winfield O'Connor, Frank O'Neill, John Reiff, Lester Reiff, and Nash Turner had already gone to Europe to continue horse racing. With the closure of the New York tracks, more top jockeys left the country.[12] By 1917 the large majority of jockeys and trainers returned to the United States but several never did.[13]

Racing returned to New York in 1913 after a New York court ruled that oral betting was legal as the Hart–Agnew law only covered bookmakers.[14][15] Owners were tentative at first, but the economic impact on New York State was such that legislators left the industry alone. The Brighton Beach Race Course, Gravesend Race Track, and the Sheepshead Bay Race Track were never able to reopen.[citation needed]

References

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  1. ^ "RACING FUNDS FOR THE CLERGY; Amasa Thernton Got $250 on Account to interest Friendly Ministers. MUTUAL BANK LEDGER LOST In It Was the Expense Account of the Bookmakers for the Year of the Bribery Scandal. BELMONT STIRRED TO WRATH Insists That Linn Bruce of Committee's Counsel Is Trying to Trip Him and Declines to Answer Questions. RACING FUNDS FOR THE CLERGY" (PDF). NYTimes.com. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
  2. ^ "Y.M.C.A. DEMANDS RACE GAMBLING'S END; Senator Agnew Say His Amendments Are Designed to Correct Grave Abuses. TRICKS IN PERCY-GRAY LAW Brooklyn League to Send a Delegation by Special Train to Albany to Urge New Bills". February 17, 1908. Retrieved September 2, 2017 – via NYTimes.com.
  3. ^ "Anti-Gambling Laws Are Not Aimed at "Sport of Kings."" (PDF). NYTimes.com. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
  4. ^ "RACING FACES FIGHT FROM THE GOVERNOR; Recommends Repeal of Percy-Gray Law and Prison Penalty for Betting. STATE FAIR COMPLICATION Believed That Associations Will Work Against Bill Which Would Deprive Them of Revenue". January 2, 1908. Retrieved September 2, 2017 – via NYTimes.com.
  5. ^ "The Evening Independent - Google News Archive Search". news.Google.com. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
  6. ^ "ENFORCE LAW, HUGHES SAYS.; The Governor Gives Warning Notice to All Sheriffs and District Attorneys". June 13, 1908. Retrieved September 2, 2017 – via NYTimes.com.
  7. ^ "KEEN POLICE AWE RACE TRACK BETTORS; Small Groups of Spectators Dispersed, but No More Arrests Made. ELDER BLOCKS TEST CASE Acting District Attorney of Kings County Refuses to be Party to Plan to Upset Effect of New Law". June 16, 1908. Retrieved September 2, 2017 – via NYTimes.com.
  8. ^ Liebman, Bennett (May 24, 2009). "The First American Triple Crown Series". The Rail. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
  9. ^ "RACE TRACK BILL DEFEATED IN SENATE; Measure Modifying Directors' Liability for Gambling Fails of Passage". July 14, 1911. Retrieved September 2, 2017 – via NYTimes.com.
  10. ^ "Destruction Wrought by Hughes". Daily Racing Form at University of Kentucky Archives. December 15, 1908. Retrieved October 18, 2018.
  11. ^ Thoroughbred Times - Racing Through the Century 1911-1920 Archived July 19, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ Rochecourt, Pierre (January 14, 1912). "AMERICANS PROSPER ON FRENCH TRACKS; Anti-Betting Laws in the United States Drive Owners and Jockeys to New Fields". Retrieved September 2, 2017 – via NYTimes.com.
  13. ^ "TRAINERS RETURN TO AMERICAN TURF; Eugene Leigh, Now Directing McLean Stables, Is One of Last to Quit Europe". March 11, 1917. Retrieved September 2, 2017 – via NYTimes.com.
  14. ^ "BOOKMAKING NOT SHOWN.; Court Holds That Brisbane and Detectives Fall to Make a Case" (PDF). NYTimes.com. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
  15. ^ "The Toronto World - Google News Archive Search". news.Google.com. March 30, 1913. Retrieved September 2, 2017.