HX 228 was a North Atlantic convoy of the HX series which ran during the Battle of the Atlantic in World War II. It was one of a series of four convoy battles that occurred during the crisis month of March 1943 and is notable for the loss of the Escort Group leader Commander AA "Harry" Tait.

Convoy HX 228
Part of World War II
Date10–11 March 1943
Location
Result Inconclusive
Belligerents
Nazi Germany Germany Free France
United Kingdom United Kingdom
Poland
Commanders and leaders
Admiral Karl Dönitz Comm: JO Dunn
B-3 Group: AA Tait  
Strength
9 U-boats 60 ships
8 escorts
Casualties and losses
2 U-boats 4 ships (24,175 GRT)
1 warship

Prelude

edit

HX 228 was an east-bound convoy of 60 ships, plus local contingents, which sailed from New York on 28 February 1943 bound for Liverpool and carrying war materials.

The Mid-Ocean Escort Force group B3 joined the convoy from St Johns. The escort group was led by Commander AA Tait of HMS Harvester; the other ships of this group were the destroyers HMS Escapade, ORP Burza and ORP Garland and the corvettes HMS Narcissus and FNFL ships Aconit, Renoncule and Roselys. The group was backed by the escort carrier USS Bogue and two destroyers which sailed from Argentia on 5 March.

Arrayed against them in the North Atlantic were three U-boat patrol lines, Wildfang, Burggraf and Neuland, although in the event, only a re-configured Neuland, comprising 13 U-boats, engaged HX 228.

In early March, the U-boat rakes came into contact with Convoy SC 121, which was several days ahead of HX 228, and engaged it. The Admiralty diverted HX 228 north-east to avoid the conflict and thus straight into the Neuland patrol area.

Action

edit

On 10 March, the first contact was made by U-336 in heavy weather. During the rest of the day, eight others were directed to join. Ironically, at this point, the weather forced Bogue and her group to detach, as it was impossible to fly off aircraft in the storm. She sailed for Argentia and took no part in the action.

On the evening of 10/11 March, during a snow squall, the first attacks took place.

U-221 attacked three ships, sinking two ammunition ships, Tucurinca and Andrea F. Luckenbach, and damaging a third, SS Lawton B. Evans. U-221 was vigorously counterattacked and withdrew to repair the damage.

U-444 and U-757 both fired on William C Gorgas, which dropped back and sank later.

U-757 also fired on Brant County, which was also carrying ammunition. Brant County caught fire and exploded, and U-757 was damaged as a result. U-757 was forced to return to base and was later attacked in the company of two other U-boats in the Bay of Biscay by the RAF, but all survived.

U-86 and U-406 both claimed hits using the new pattern-running FAT torpedoes. Jamaica Provider was damaged during this stage.

During the morning of 11 March, Harvester sighted U-444 on the surface and ran in to attack. She opened with gunfire and then rammed U-444, suffering damage to her propellers in the process. It was originally thought that Harvester had sunk U-444, but she was found later on the surface and finished off by French corvette Aconit. While in the area, Harvester found and picked up 50 survivors from William Gorgas and 1 from U-444. While attempting to re-join the convoy, her engines failed, and she summoned Aconit for assistance. While Harvester lay helpless, she was sighted and torpedoed by U-432; she sank with 149 onboard, including Commander Tait.

Arriving on the scene, Aconit gained Asdic contact on U-432 which was lying motionless at periscope depth, her commander and crew celebrating their victory. Aconit attacked with depth charges, blowing her to the surface and sinking her later with gunfire.

Aconit picked up 20 survivors from U-432, 48 from Harvester, 12 from William C Gorgas, and one from U-444, to join the three previously picked up.

Despite further action that day and during the night of 11/12 March, there were no further losses to either side and on 12 March Admiral Karl Dönitz, the Befehlshaber der U-Boote (Commander in chief of U-boats), called off the attack.

HX 228 arrived safely at Liverpool on 15 March 1943.

Conclusion

edit

HX 228 cannot be seen as a victory for either side. The convoy had lost four ships and a warship, with the loss also of Commander Tait, an effective and well-respected Escort Group commander. The Neuland wolf pack had lost two boats, a potentially ruinous rate of exchange.

edit

An attack by U-Boats of fictional Convoys "HX 229", "HX 229A" and "SC112", is a key plot element in the 1995 novel Enigma by Robert Harris, and the subsequent 2001 film of the same name.

Tables

edit

Allied merchant ships sunk

Date Name Nationality Casualties Tonnage Sunk by...
10 March 1943 Tucurinca   United Kingdom 1 5,412 U-221
10 March 1943 Andrea F Luckenbach   United States 21 6,565 U-221
11 March 1943 Brant County   Norway 6 5,001 U-757
11 March 1943 William C Gorgas   United States ?55 7,197 U-444, U-757

Allied warships sunk

Date Name Nationality Casualties Type Sunk by...
11 March 1943 HMS Harvester (H19)   Royal Navy 149 H-Class Destroyer U-432

U-boats destroyed

Date Number Type Location Casualties Sunk by...
11 March 1943 U-444 VIIC North Atlantic
51°14′N 29°18′W / 51.233°N 29.300°W / 51.233; -29.300
41 depth-charged & rammed by Harvester, Aconit[1][2]
11 March 1943 U-432 VIIC North Atlantic
51°35′N 28°20′W / 51.583°N 28.333°W / 51.583; -28.333
20 depth-charged, gunfire by Aconit[3][4]

Notes

edit
  1. ^ Niestle p.65
  2. ^ Kemp p.106
  3. ^ Niestle p.64
  4. ^ Kemp p.106

References

edit
  • Blair, Clay (1998). Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunted 1942-1945. ISBN 0-304-35261-6.
  • Arnold Hague : The Allied Convoy System 1939–1945 (2000) ISBN 1-55125-033-0 (Canada). ISBN 1-86176-147-3 (UK)
  • Kemp, Paul (1997). U-Boats Destroyed, German submarine losses in the World Wars. Arms and Armour. ISBN 1-85409-515-3.
  • Niestle, Axel (1998). German U-Boat Losses During World War II. Greenhill. ISBN 1-85367-352-8.
  • Stephen Roskill : The War at Sea 1939–1945 Vol II (1956) ISBN (none)
  • Jak P M Showell U-Boat Warfare: The Evolution of the Wolf-Pack (2002) ISBN 0-7110-2887-7
edit