HX 112 was a North Atlantic convoy of the HX series which ran during the battle of the Atlantic in the Second World War. It saw the loss of U-boats commanded by two of the Kriegsmarine's most celebrated commanders and propaganda heroes: U-99 under Otto Kretschmer (POW), and U-100 under Joachim Schepke (KIA).

Convoy HX 112
Part of Second World War
Date15/17 March 1941
Location
Result British victory
Belligerents
Nazi Germany Germany United Kingdom United Kingdom
 Canada
Commanders and leaders
Nazi Germany Admiral Karl Dönitz convoy:
escort : United Kingdom Cdr Donald Macintyre
Strength
5 U-boats 41 ships
6 escorts
Casualties and losses
2 U-boats sunk 6 ships sunk

Prelude

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HX 112 was an east-bound convoy of ships which sailed from Halifax on 1 March 1941, making for Liverpool with war materials. Many of the ships in HX 112 were tankers carrying fuel oil to Britain.

It was escorted by 5th Escort Group which consisted of two destroyers, HMS Walker and HMS Vanoc and two corvettes, and was led by Commander Donald Macintyre of HMS Walker. 5th Escort Group was reinforced on this occasion by an additional two destroyers, in view of the importance of the cargo, and met the convoy as it entered the Western Approaches.

On 15 March 1941 HX 112 was sighted by U-110 commanded by Fritz-Julius Lemp, who sent in a sighting report and commenced shadowing the convoy. He was joined throughout the day by four other boats; U-99 (Kretschmer) U-100 (Schepke) U-37 (Clausen) and U-74 (Kentrat).

Action

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On the night of 15th/16th the attack started; U-110 was able to torpedo a tanker, which burst into flames, but survived to reach port; all other attacks that night were frustrated by the activities of the escorts.

Keeping up with the convoy on the surface during the day, the pack tried again as night fell on the 16th.

U-99 managed to penetrate the convoy from the north, on its port side, and sank three tankers and a freighter and damaged another tanker in under an hour. Remaining with the central column of the convoy she sank another freighter 15 minutes later before making her getaway.

Meanwhile, the escorts, searching for U-boats outside the convoy perimeter, found U-100 around 1.30am moving in on the surface. She dived, but Walker attacked with a depth charge pattern at close range. U-100 evaded further damage, and surfaced, to be sighted and rammed by Vanoc just after 3am; Schepke was killed when Vanoc smashed into his periscope structure and U-100 went down with most of her crew.

As this was happening, U-99 was making her escape; she nearly collided with a destroyer in the dark and dived. Picked up on ASDIC by Walker, she was depth-charged and severely damaged. Saving U-99 from being crushed as she sank deeper and deeper, Kretschmer brought her to the surface, where she was fired on by the encircling warships. U-99 was sunk, but Kretschmer and most of his crew were saved, to be taken prisoner.

There were no further attacks on HX.112 and the convoy arrived in Liverpool on 20 March.

Ships in the convoy

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Allied merchant ships

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A total of 41 merchant vessels joined the convoy, either in Halifax or later in the voyage.[1]

Name Flag Tonnage (GRT) Notes
Ahamo (1926)   United Kingdom 8,621
Auris (1935)   United Kingdom 8,030
Beduin (1936)   Norway 8,136 Torpedoed by U-99, Wreck sunk by convoy escort
Bic Island (1917)   United Kingdom 4,000
Black Condor (1921)   United Kingdom 5,358
Bonde (1936)   Norway 1,570 Returned
British Commodore (1923)   United Kingdom 6,865 Arrived after collision off Liverpool 20 Mar
British Sincerity (1939)   United Kingdom 8,538 Joined Ex BHX 112
Chaucer (1929)   United Kingdom 5,792
Cistula (1939)   Netherlands 8,097 Joined Ex BHX 112, Straggled 10 Mar 41
City Of Oxford (1926)   United Kingdom 2,759
Dalcross (1930)   United Kingdom 4,557
Diloma (1939)   United Kingdom 8,146 Joined Ex BHX 112
Elona (1936)   United Kingdom 6,192 Joined Ex BHX 112
Erodona (1937)   United Kingdom 6,207 Torpedoed by U-110
Everleigh (1930)   United Kingdom 5,222
Ferm (1933)   Norway 6,593 Torpedoed by U-99 16 Mar. Wreck sank 21 Mar
Franche-Comté (1936)   United Kingdom 9,314 Damaged by U-99 16 Mar; Storing Hulk
Gloucester City (1919)   United Kingdom 3,071 Straggled 10 Mar 41
Ixion (1912)   United Kingdom 10,263 Joined Ex BHX 112, Straggled 10 Mar
J B White (1919)   Canada 7,375 Sunk by U-99
Katendrecht (1925)   Netherlands 5,099 Joined Ex BHX 112
Korshamn (1920)   Sweden 6,673 Sunk by U-99 16 Mar
Lancaster Castle (1937)   United Kingdom 5,172
Lima (1918)   Sweden 3,762
Margarita Chandris (1920)   Greece 5,401 Straggled 10 Mar
Mosli (1935)   Norway 8,291
Mount Kassion (1918)   Greece 7,914
Norefjord (1920)   Norway 3,082
Ocana (1938)   Netherlands 6,256 Joined Ex BHX 112
Oilreliance (1929)   United Kingdom 5,666 Joined Ex BHX 112
Reynolds (1927)   United Kingdom 5,113
Robert F Hand (1933)   United Kingdom 12,197 Joined Ex BHX 112, Straggled 10 Mar
San Cipriano (1937)   United Kingdom 7,966 Joined Ex BHX 112
Silvercedar (1924)   United Kingdom 4,354 Later torpedoed and lost in Convoy SC 48 on 15 Oct 1941
Stad Haarlem (1929)   Netherlands 4,518
Tortuguero (1921)   United Kingdom 5,285
Traveller (1922)   United Kingdom 3,963 Joined Ex BHX 112. Straggled 10 Mar
Trekieve (1919)   United Kingdom 5,244
Venetia (1927)   United Kingdom 5,728 Sunk by U-99 16 Mar
Westland (1931)   Netherlands 5,888 Straggled 10 Mar, Returned New York City
Winamac (1926)   United Kingdom 8,621 Joined Ex BHX 112. Straggled 10 Mar

Convoy escorts

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A series of armed military ships escorted the convoy at various times during its journey.[1]

Name Flag Type Joined Left
HMCS Bittersweet   Royal Canadian Navy Flower-class corvette 10 Mar 1941 10 Mar 1941
HMS Bluebell   Royal Navy Flower-class corvette 15 Mar 1941 18 Mar 1941
HMCS Fennel   Royal Canadian Navy Flower-class corvette 10 Mar 1941 10 Mar 1941
HMS Norfolk   Royal Navy County-class heavy cruiser 05 Mar 1941 14 Mar 1941
Ranpura   Royal Navy Armed merchant cruiser 10 Mar 1941 14 Mar 1941
HMS Sardonyx   Royal Navy Admiralty S-class destroyer 15 Mar 1941 19 Mar 1941
HMS Scimitar   Royal Navy Admiralty S-class destroyer 15 Mar 1941 19 Mar 1941
HMS Syringa   Royal Navy Minesweeper 15 Mar 1941 18 Mar 1941
HMS Vanoc   Royal Navy V-class destroyer 15 Mar 1941 20 Mar 1941
HMS Viceroy   Royal Navy W-class destroyer 15 Mar 1941 15 Mar 1941
HMS Volunteer   Royal Navy Modified W-class destroyer 16 Mar 1941 20 Mar 1941
HMS Walker   Royal Navy W-class destroyer 15 Mar 1941 19 Mar 1941

Conclusion

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HX.112 had lost six ships totalling 50,000 tons. However, the loss of two of the Kriegsmarine's successful U-boat commanders and propaganda heroes was a severe blow to the Kriegsmarine offensive. The defence of HX.112, coupled with the successful defence of Convoy OB 293 and the loss of U-boat commander Günther Prien along with his sub U-47 the previous week, marked a minor turning point in the Atlantic campaign.

References

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  1. ^ a b "Convoy SC.19". Arnold Hague Convoy Database. Retrieved 29 October 2013.

Bibliography

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  • Stephen Roskill : The War at Sea 1939–1945 Vol I (1954). ISBN (none)
  • Dan van der Vat : The Atlantic Campaign (1988). ISBN 0-340-37751-8
  • Arnold Hague : The Allied Convoy System 1939–1945 (2000). ISBN (Canada) 1 55125 033 0 . ISBN (UK) 1 86176 147 3
  • Kemp, Paul (1997). U-Boats Destroyed, German submarine losses in the World Wars. Arms and Armour. ISBN 1-85409-515-3.
  • Niestle, Axel (1998). German U-Boat Losses During World War II. Greenhill. ISBN 1-85367-352-8.