1929 Rye Cove tornado outbreak

The 1929 Rye Cove tornado outbreak was a deadly tornado outbreak[nb 1][nb 2] that swept from southwest to northeast along the Appalachian Mountains from Oklahoma to Maryland in early May 1929. This outbreak, which killed at least 42 people and injured at least 323,[2] is notable as one of the worst to affect the states of Maryland and Virginia. It is also one of the most intense tornado outbreaks to affect Appalachia. The F2 tornado that struck Rye Cove, Virginia, is the deadliest tornado in Virginia history[3][4] and tied for the thirteenth-deadliest to hit a school in the United States, with all 13 deaths in a school building.[5] Western Virginia was particularly hard hit, with additional tornadoes confirmed in Alleghany, Bath, Culpeper, Fauquier and Loudoun Counties. One of these tornadoes, near Culpeper, also destroyed a school, but the storm struck during the evening after classes had been dismissed for the day.

1929 Rye Cove tornado outbreak
TypeTornado outbreak
DurationMay 1–2, 1929
Tornadoes
confirmed
17
Max. rating1F3 tornado
Duration of
tornado outbreak2
30 hours, 25 minutes
Fatalities≥ 42 fatalities, ≥ 323 injuries
DamageUnknown
Areas affectedCentral and Eastern United States
1Most severe tornado damage; see Fujita scale
2Time from first tornado to last tornado

Confirmed tornadoes

edit
Confirmed tornadoes by Fujita rating
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 Total
3 ? ? 9 5 0 0 17

May 1 event

edit
F# Location County Time (UTC) Path length Damage
Oklahoma
F2 Tucker to SE of Van Buren, AR LeFlore, Sequoyah, Sebastian (AR), Crawford (AR) 2015 30 miles (48 km) This tornado first touched down close to Moffett, Oklahoma, where it injured three structures.[2] Observers witnessed four funnel clouds passing over the south fringe of Fort Smith, Arkansas, causing damage to three factories and 17 houses. The tornado razed six houses along the shores of Hollis Lake before dissipating.[2]
Arkansas
FU Jethro Franklin 2025 12 miles (19 km) Tornado-related damage reported.[6]
F2 Rex Van Buren 2130 5 miles (8.0 km) This tornado struck the entire community of Rex, tearing off roofs and damaging every structure in its path.[2]
F3 W of Brinkley to N of Wheatley Monroe, St. Francis 0045 15 miles (24 km) 9 deaths – This deadly tornado struck several plantations, damaging or leveling 45 small houses, though some larger ones were razed as well, and other structures, along with crops, were reportedly damaged.[2]
Texas
FU Frankston Anderson 2100 unknown Tornado damage reported.[6]
Sources: Grazulis,[2] Monthly Weather Review

May 2 event

edit
F# Location County Time (UTC) Path length Damage
Tennessee
FU W of Newport Cocke unknown unknown This first member of a tornado family developed 15 mi (24 km) west of Newport.[2][6]
F2 Embreeville area Washington, Unicoi 1700 unknown 2 deaths – This was another member of the tornado family previously listed. The tornado struck 15 mountaintop houses - with six of them leveled - near the Washington–Unicoi county line.[2]
Virginia
F2 NW of Gate City (Rye Cove area) Scott 1755 4 miles (6.4 km) 13 deaths – See section on this tornado
F3 S of Woodville to Flint Hill Rappahannock 2030 13 miles (21 km) 3 deaths – A tornado struck Woodville and destroyed several houses.[2] One student died and 15 others were injured when a school was destroyed, with some of the students carried 200 yd (183 m) away from the school.[7] Two other people were killed when the tornado destroyed houses in Flint Hill.[2]
F2 NE of Iron Gate Alleghany, Bath 2300 17 miles (27 km) A tornado struck several small, rural communities, including Coronation, Sitlington, and Nimrod Hall where it damaged or destroyed at least 13 farms and small houses near the Cowpasture River.[2]
F2 Near Hamilton Loudoun 0030 2 miles (3.2 km) A tornado destroyed at least one house and numerous barns. A brick church and other structures were damaged.[2]
F3 Lagrange to near Catlett Culpeper, Fauquier 0100 18 miles (29 km) 6+ deaths – A tornado struck a small house at Lagrange, killing two people inside. Four - possibly five - people were killed in two houses that were destroyed, and six other houses were damaged or destroyed in Weaversville.[2] The tornado also destroyed a large, fourteen-room, brick structure.[7]
Ohio
F2 Galloway area to Columbus Franklin 2000 10 miles (16 km) 2 deaths – A tornado tore the roofs off several houses as it passed between Galloway and Columbus; in Columbus, the tornado leveled a gas station and killed two people when it partially destroyed a jail.[2]
Florida
F2 Jacksonville area Duval 2120 2 miles (3.2 km) 1 death – A tornado struck Jacksonville Heights and Ortega, on the south side of the Jacksonville, where it destroyed seven houses, damaged 15 others, and killed one person in a barn.[2]
West Virginia
F2 Morgantown area Monongalia 2120 4 miles (6.4 km) A tornado struck the Evansdale and Riverside portions of Morgantown where it demolished 35 houses and caused minor damage to 200 others in addition to multiple factories.[2] Fifteen people reportedly incurred serious injuries occurred.[2]
Maryland
F3 NW of Adamstown to near Taneytown Frederick, Carroll 0030 33 miles (53 km) 2 deaths – A skipping tornado killed a couple as it leveled a farmhouse 3 miles (4.8 km) west of Frederick. Six other homes were damaged with some of them being unroofed.[2]
F3 Near Laytonsville to Brookeville Montgomery, Howard 0230 10 miles (16 km) 4 deaths– A tornado destroyed six farmhouses, killing three people in one of the leveled houses. A fourth person died on the second floor of a house that was torn off during the storm.[2]
Source: Grazulis,[2] Monthly Weather Review

Rye Cove, Virginia

edit
Rye Cove, Virginia
F2 tornado
Max. rating1F2 tornado
Fatalities13 fatalities, 100 injuries
Damage$100,000 USD (1929)
1Most severe tornado damage; see Fujita scale

At 12:55 p.m. (EDT), as many as 155 students were attending classes at Rye Cove High School, near the town of Clinchport, when a strong thunderstorm approached from the southwest and produced a tornado just 0.5 mi (0.80 km) away.[8] As the tornado - referred to as a “dark cloud”[9] - approached the school, it intensified and tore the roofs off many structures. Strong winds lofted lumber for hundreds of yards, leaving pieces lodged in trees.[8] Next to the school, the tornado struck a log house that was built in the 1850s, picking up the entire structure and carrying some of its furniture up to 4 mi (6.4 km) away.[9]

A teacher at the seven-room, wooden school heard the wind increasing outside but did not alert her students.[8] Moments later, the tornado struck, reportedly causing it to “explode”[9] and violently spread debris over a wide area. The powerful storm killed one teacher and 12 students, carrying their bodies up to 75 yards (69 m) from the school’s limestone foundation.[9] After the devastation at the school, the 0.25 mi (0.40 km)-wide tornado[9] destroyed five farmhouses before lifting.

The legacy of the tornado lived on in local folklore[10] as A. P. Carter of the Carter Family, having visited the storm-stricken area and assisted in relief efforts, immediately recorded a song about the storm.[11]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ Schneider, Russell S.; Brooks, Harold E.; Schaefer, Joseph T. "Tornado Outbreak Day Sequences: Historic Events and Climatology (1875–2003)" (PDF). Norman, Oklahoma: Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Grazulis 1993, p. 826
  3. ^ Grazulis, Thomas P.; Grazulis, Doris (26 April 2000). "VIRGINIA: Tornadoes causing three or more deaths". The Tornado Project. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
  4. ^ McDaid, Jennifer Davis. "Rye Cove Cyclone". encyclopediavirginia.org. Virginia Foundation for the Humanities. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
  5. ^ Grazulis, Thomas P.; Grazulis, Doris. "The Ten Worst Tornado-Related Disasters In Schools". tornadoproject.com. Danville, Vermont: The Tornado Project. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  6. ^ a b c Henry 1929, p. 216
  7. ^ a b Watson, Barbara M. (7 January 2008). Sammler, Bill (ed.). "Tornado History: Virginia Tornadoes". vaemergency.gov. Richmond, Virginia: Virginia Department of Emergency Management. Archived from the original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  8. ^ a b c "The Cyclone of Rye Cove: Twister Wrecks Rye Cove School". Kingsport, Tennessee: Kingsport Times. May 2, 1929.
  9. ^ a b c d e "Thirteen Killed When Tornado Destroys Rye Cove High School Building Thursday Afternoon". Scott County News. May 9, 1929.
  10. ^ Clark, Amy D. (June 1, 2021). "The Cyclone of Rye Cove". Oxford American. Retrieved 2024-05-17.
  11. ^ "Deathly Lyrics: "The Cyclone of Rye Cove"". blueridgeinstitute.org. Ferrum, Virginia: Blue Ridge Institute & Museum. Archived from the original on February 24, 1999. Retrieved 24 January 2015.

Bibliography

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^ An outbreak is generally defined as a group of at least six tornadoes (the number sometimes varies slightly according to local climatology) with no more than a six-hour gap between individual tornadoes. An outbreak sequence, prior to (after) modern records that began in 1950, is defined as, at most, two (one) consecutive days without at least one significant (F2 or stronger) tornado.[1]
  2. ^ All damage totals are in 1929 United States dollars unless otherwise noted.