Yvonne Margaret Balding[2][3] (née Barr;[2][4] 11 March 1932 – 13 February 2016)[3] was an Irish virologist who co-discovered the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV),[5][6] which, because it identified a virus as a cause of cancer in humans, has been called "one of the 20th century's most significant scientific discoveries."[7]
Yvonne Barr | |
|---|---|
| Born | 11 March 1932 |
| Died | 13 February 2016 (aged 83) Melbourne, Australia |
| Alma mater | |
| Known for | Epstein–Barr virus |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Virology |
| Doctoral advisor | Anthony Epstein |
Barr's role in the discovery of EBV, also called human herpesvirus 4, was instrumental, as she prepared the samples used for experimentation[8] as well as characterized the morphological and biological characteristics of the virus.[9]
Education and career edit
Barr was Head Prefect at Banbridge Academy Secondary School[10] and graduated in 1953[7] with honours in zoology from Trinity College, Dublin.[11] Following her graduation Barr held several posts at veterinary and medical research laboratories in the UK and Canada.
Barr began working as a research assistant in 1955, gaining laboratory skills. While at the London National Institute for Medical Research she mastered cell propagation, specifically the technique called cell culturing. Using this technique, she studied the bacterium determined to cause leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease.[7] At the University of Toronto, her work as a research assistant involved studying the pathogen associated with canine distemper virus.[7]
In 1963, Barr was the first of two research assistants employed by the English pathologist and virologist Michael Anthony Epstein, who had received a research grant from the US National Institutes of Health (NIH).[12] They were based at the Bland-Sutton Institute of Pathology at Middlesex Hospital, London, and Epstein became her PhD research supervisor.[13][8][14]
"Barr was by then known for her superior laboratory skills," and her ability to grow cells under controlled conditions was "key to the research," according to Gregory J. Morgan, in Cancer Virus Hunters; A History of Tumor Virology (2022), not least because Epstein "was struggling with" cell propagation techniques.[7] According to The Irish Times, Barr's initial impression was that "Epstein was throwing out the good cells" too soon, whereas her methods enabled the team to develop a sufficiently large cluster of cells for Bert Achong, "an expert in electron microscopy" who was Epstein's second research assistant, to obtain an image sufficient for Epstein to identify a new herpes virus.[7]
In 1964, working together, Barr and Epstein discovered EBV.[13][8][14] (The virus was named for the cell culture in which it was identified.)[15] Prior to determining specifics about EBV, Epstein, Barr, and Achong published their preliminary research in The Lancet.[16] University of Pennsylvania researchers later confirmed the new virus as responsible for the type of tumor the team had been studying.[7]
Barr graduated from the University of London in 1966 with a PhD.[13] When she married, moved to Australia, and was unable to obtain a research position there, she became a teacher[7] of physics, biology, chemistry, and mathematics in various private high schools.[17]
Personal life edit
Barr was born in Carlow, County Carlow, Ireland,[1] the oldest of Robert and Gertrude Barr's four children. Robert Barr was a banking manager.[7] She died in Melbourne, Australia at the age of 83.[3]
Barr married Australian Stuart Balding, an industrial chemist,[7] in 1965.[18] They moved to Australia in 1966 and had two children, Kirsten and Sean Balding.[7]
External links edit
References edit
- ^ a b James 2009: "Barr [...] was born in Eire".
- ^ a b Yvonne Barr's video greeting at the EBV 50th anniversary conference in 2014
- ^ a b c "Yvonne Balding Obituary". The Age. 19 February 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
- ^ "Yvonne Margaret Barr". findagrave.com. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
- ^ "Barr, Yvonne M. (1932-) – People and organisations". Trove. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
- ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/21/obituaries/yvonne-barr-overlooked.html
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Ricks, Delthia (21 March 2024). "Overlooked No More: Yvonne Barr, Who Helped Discover a Cancer-Causing Virus". NYTimes.com. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
- ^ a b c McGrath, Paula (6 April 2014). "Cancer virus discovery helped by delayed flight". BBC News. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
- ^ Epstein, MA; Henle, G; Achong, BG; Barr, YM (1965). "Morphological and Biological Studies on a Virus in Cultured Lymphoblasts from Burkitt's lymphoma". J. Of Exptl. Med. 121 (5): 761–770. doi:10.1084/jem.121.5.761. PMC 2138004. PMID 14278230.
- ^ Ostor, Andrew (2001). "Immortal Women: Essays in Medical Eponyms Part II". Am. J. Surgical Path. 25: 1226–1333. PMID 11688470.
- ^ James, D. Geraint (1 May 2009). "A chance meeting". QJM. 102 (5): 365–366. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcn167. ISSN 1460-2725. PMID 19318370.
- ^ Crawford, Dorothy H.; Rickinson, Alan; Johannessen, Ingólfur (2014). Cancer Virus: The Story of Epstein-Barr Virus. OUP Oxford. pp. 29–30. ISBN 9780199653119.
- ^ a b c "Encyclopedia of Australian Science". Retrieved 27 December 2013.
- ^ a b Epstein, MA; Achong, BG; Barr, YM (1964). "Virus particles in cultured lymphoblasts from Burkitt's lymphoma". Lancet. 1 (7335): 702–703. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(64)91524-7. PMID 14107961.
- ^ Ricks, Delthia (21 March 2024). "Overlooked No More: Yvonne Barr, Who Helped Discover a Cancer-Causing Virus". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
- ^ Chen D, Yen-Lieberman B (2016). Clinical Virology Manual, Fifth Edition: Chapter 28: Epstein-Barr Virus. Washington, DC: ASM Press. pp. 387–398. doi:10.1128/9781555819156.ch28. S2CID 79328822.
- ^ Ansede, Manuel (21 October 2022). "Who was the woman who discovered a virus that exists in 95% of humans". El Pais. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
- ^ Chasty, Beth; Cardogan, Mike (July 2020). "Yvonne Barr". Life in the Fast Lane.