Xylocarpus granatum, commonly known as the cannonball mangrove, cedar mangrove,[2] or puzzlenut tree,[3] is a species of mangrove in the mahogany family (Meliaceae). It is found in Africa, Asia, Australasia and the Pacific Islands.[4][5][6] It is a common species of mangrove, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being of "least concern".
| Xylocarpus granatum | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Sapindales |
| Family: | Meliaceae |
| Genus: | Xylocarpus |
| Species: | X. granatum
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| Binomial name | |
| Xylocarpus granatum | |
Description edit
Xylocarpus granatum is a small to medium-sized evergreen tree, growing to a maximum height of 12 m (39 ft). The trunk has buttresses and above-ground roots which extend for long distances to either side. The bark is brown and smooth, and comes away in flakes. The leaves are pinnate and arranged spirally on the twigs; they have two to four pairs of leaflets and are pale green when young and darken with age. The inflorescence grows in a short panicle in the axil of a leaf or at the end of the shoot. The individual flowers are 8 mm (0.3 in) wide, with parts in fours, and are white or pinkish-yellow. They are followed by large, spherical, woody capsules, 9 to 12 cm (4 to 5 in) in diameter, which split open to reveal up to a dozen seeds.[2][7] The common name "puzzlenut tree" derives from the irregular shape of the seeds: a puzzle can be made of shuffling the seeds and attempting to reassemble them into the original spherical arrangement.[8]
Distribution and habitat edit
This species is native to the tropical and sub-tropical Western Indo-Pacific region. Its range extends from Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique (in which it is one of ten mangrove species[9]) to India, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, northern Australia and Papua New Guinea; it grows in the higher intertidal zone and is found in estuaries and lining the banks of creeks.[1]
Uses edit
The wood is hard and durable and can be used for boat-building, construction and making furniture, however the trees are twisted and often hollow so large pieces of timber may not be available; the wood is also used for tool handles and other small items, and can be used as firewood but burns rather quickly. The bark is rich in tannins and has been used for strengthening rope and dying cloth. The bark, fruits and seeds have been used in traditional medicine.[10]
Status edit
Mangroves in general are under threat from coastal development and from harvesting, and another threat is global warming and the consequent rise in sea levels. Xylocarpus granatum is a common species of mangrove with a very wide range, and it is probably not declining at a sufficient fast rate to be included in any threatened category. For these reasons, the International Union for Conservation of Nature has listed it as being of "least concern".[1]
References edit
- ^ a b c Ellison, J.; Koedam, N.E.; Wang, Y.; Primavera, J.; Jin Eong, O.; Wan-Hong Yong, J.; Ngoc Nam, V. (2010). "Xylocarpus granatum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T178845A7624881. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T178845A7624881.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ a b "Cannonball mangrove". Flowers of India. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
- ^ Ross, Malcolm. Concluding notes, 427–436. In Ross, Malcolm; Pawley, Andrew; Osmond, Meredith (eds). The lexicon of Proto Oceanic: The culture and environment of ancestral Oceanic society. Volume 3: Plants. 2008. Pacific Linguistics 599.
- ^ J. S. Bunt, W. T. Williams & N. C. Duke (March 1982). "Mangrove distributions in north-east Australia". Journal of Biogeography. 9 (2): 111–120. doi:10.2307/2844696. JSTOR 2844696.
- ^ "Xylocarpus granatum". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 27 March 2011.
- ^ "Xylocarpus granatum". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
- ^ "Xylocarpus granatum J. Koenig, 1784". Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
- ^ Wise, Rosemary (1998). A Fragile Eden: Portraits of the Endemic Plants of the Granitic Seychelles. Princeton, NJ, U.S.A.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691048177.
- ^ The World's Mangroves, 1980–2005: A Thematic Study in the Framework of the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2007. pp. 15–17. ISBN 978-92-5-105856-5.
- ^ Fern, Ken (13 June 2019). "Xylocarpus granatum". Useful Tropical Plants Database. Retrieved 12 July 2019.