William Nyuon Bany Machar (was born in 1930 and died on 13 January 1996) He was a Southern Sudanese politician who was also one of the founders of the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA). He was appointed third in command after John Garang and Kerubino Kuanyin Bol. While he worked as a commander of the SPLA he lived in Itang, a small Ethiopian town in the Gambela Region.
Early life edit
Bany was a Nuer from Greater Fangak, South Sudan. He spoke Nuer, Arabic, Amharic, and some English.[citation needed]
Army life edit
When war broke out in a southern town of Bor, Bany served as a major in the Sudanese army in Ayot. He served as a commander in Sudan for a long time before he started a rebellion in 1983.[1]
Bany and Kerubino Kwanyin Bol were founding members of SPLA, before John Garang joined them. Bany was appointed the 3rd high-ranking Commander after Bol.[2] Commander Salva Kiir was the 4th. Bany was also the Chief of Staff,[1] a position later occupied by Commander Paul Malong Awan.
SPLA dissent edit
In August 1991 there was a split between the SPLM/A-Torit faction, and SPLA-Nasir,[1] led by Lam Akol Ajawin.[3] SPLA-Nasir accused Garang of ruling by force, in a "dictatorial reign of terror"; but ethnic rivalry seemed to have a part, with the Nasir faction mainly composed of Nuer, and Garang's supporters mainly Dinka people. Months of fighting between the two factions left thousands dead in early 1992.[4] The SPLA-Nasir also raised the idea of an independent south (whereas Garang wanted unity).[3]
On 10 May 1992 Bany was met by the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) Chairman under Nigerian President Ibrahim Babangida in Abuja, to discuss the need for unifying the two delegations. An agreement was signed the following day, known as the Abuja II Peace agreement.[1]
Defection from SPLA edit
On 14 September 1992, Bany, who was at the time Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the SPLA and Deputy Chairman of the SPLM, announced his defection from the SPLA. It is alleged that he was offered money by Khartoum (seat of the Sudanese government) to do so.[5] Bany left the SPLA headquarter in Pageri, escaped Garang-held territory and formed another faction,[3][4] Forces of Unity (?). The following day, Commander Salva Kiir Mayardit was promoted from Chief of Staff to Bany's old positions of Deputy Commander-in-Chief and Deputy Chairman.[5]
Bany's forces were defeated in October 1993 and he withdrew to Lafon, where he joined forces with Riek Machar and Lam Akol (who had attempted a coup in August 1991 and brought about an ethnic civil war within the SPLA in the Nasir region, with heavy civilian casualties).[5] Fighting went on in the Lafon area between the SPLA and Machar and Bany's group. Children were recruited to the ranks of the various factions, and a group of Nuer boys were lured from their families by the promise of education only to end up in a camp run by Bany in Magire in Eastern Equatoria state.[6] Fighting continued throughout 1993 and 1994.[5]
SPLA-United edit
A third faction, known as the Kerubino group, was formed in February 1993, after Bol and several others had escaped from a Garang prison. On 5 April 1993, at a press conference in Nairobi, the three rebel factions announced a coalition, to be called "Sudanese People's Liberation Army-United", known as SPLA-United, which included a number of former Garang officials and other southerners.[3]
In early 1994, under both domestic and international pressure owing to heavy casualties exacerbated by famine, SPLA-United agreed to a cease-fire in which Garang agreed to self-determination for the south, an idea which had gained popularity. However, there was rivalry between SPLA-United's Machar and Garang in their respective leadership roles. In April 1994, a conference was called (the first since 1983) of about 500 delegates, in order to support and consolidate Garang's leadership, against SPLA-United.[4] In July 1994, Bany was third in command of SPLA-United after Riek Machar and Bol.[7]
Back to SPLA edit
In early 1995, Machar (of the Nasir faction) split to form the SSIM, Southern Sudan Independence Movement, formally launched on 11-12 March 1995. Bany was expelled from SPLA-United for his alleged collaboration with Khartoum (government of Sudan), at which he supported a pro-Garang stance within the SSIM – but later both groups changed to support unity anyway. Machar led an anti-SPLA faction, while Bany led a pro-SPLA faction within the SSIM.[4] On 31 March 1995, a group of junior officers talked Bany into rejoining the SPLA, and contact was made with Garang and Kiir. On 27 April 1995 "The Lafon Declaration" was made confirming Bany's return to the SPLA/M. A few weeks later, Bany apologised for his actions and expressed gratitude that Commander Salva Kiir had given up his position as the Deputy to allow Bany to resume his duties in this position. He went on to fight vigorously for the SPLA/M.[5]
An article in the University of Pennsylvania's Africa Center journal Sudan Update reported in May 1995 that Bany, who was sacked earlier that year by SSIM/A leader Machar, "was sent out from the government garrison at Magiri with ten armoured vehicles to rescue the captured convoy, but instead joined forces with the rebels", in March 1995. He and Bol, who had also been dismissed, were reinstated in their posts. It referred to "personal animosities" among leaders, and failure to control inter-tribal feuding, which had damaged the rebel forces' effectiveness. Bol, Bany and Arok Thon Arok had at various times cooperated with government forces, which led to accusations of treachery.[8]
In April 1996, SSIM and SPLA-United signed an agreement with the Sudanese government which endorsed the current boundaries of the country, i.e., no independent south.[4]
Death edit
According to The National Courier, Bany was killed by Machar's forces on 13 of January 1996 at Gul.[5]
Family and legacy edit
Bany is survived by a number of widows and children (most of whom live in the United States of America[9]). One of his widows, Abuoch, was a main speaker during Martyr's Day celebrations in Juba in 2012, in the presence of Salva Kiir.[10]
Salva Kiir married one of Bany's daughters, Aluel William Nyuon Bany, in a traditional wedding around 2004. This later caused public strife between her and Kiir's eldest daughter, Christina Adut Nardes.[11]
One of his daughters is Nyadol Nyuon, prominent lawyer and human rights advocate in Melbourne, Australia.[12]
One of his daughters, Nyagoa Nyuon, returned to South Sudan after spending about 10 years in the US.[13] In 2013, she co-founded The William Nyuon Bany Foundation, which supports programs fostering children's education and focuses on "improving the health and livelihoods of the communities and building the leadership capacity youth for a prosperous country".[14]
A conference hall in the South Sudan State House was named after Bany.[15]
References edit
- ^ a b c d Buay, Gordon (24 Jan 2011). "Who Is CDR. William Nyuon Bany Machar?". Gurtong Trust. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
- ^ Teresa (21 June 2019). "Brief Biography and Facts About Major(Cdr). Late William Nyuon Bany Machar". City Scrollz. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
- ^ a b c d "Pro-Government Militias:Documentation for Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army - United (SPLM/A-United)". Pro-Government Militias Database (PGMD). Extract from Christian Science Monitor, 14 April 1993. 14 April 1993. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ a b c d e Banks, A.S.; Day, A.J.; Muller, T.C. (2016). Political Handbook of the World 1998. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 875. ISBN 978-1-349-14951-3. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f "The National Courier: TODAY IN HISTORY: William Nyuon Bany, on 27th of Sept 1992, Defects from SPLA/M In Pageri". Facebook. 27 September 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ^ Africa Watch; Rone, J.; Whitman, L.; Human Rights Watch/Africa; Human Rights Watch (Organization) (1995). Children in Sudan: Slaves, Street Children and Child Soldiers. Human Rights Watch Children's Rights Project. Human Rights Watch. p. 77. ISBN 978-1-56432-157-2. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ^ "Pro-Government Militias:Documentation for Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army - United (SPLM/A-United)". Pro-Government Militias Database (PGMD). Extract from BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 6 July 1994. 6 July 1994. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ "William Nyuon and Kerubino Return to S.S.I.M". Sudan Update. VI (9). The Africa Center (University of Pennsylvania). 19 May 1995. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
- ^ "Women Fight Over President Salva Kiir in Nairobi". PaanLuel Wël Media Ltd - South Sudan. 11 April 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
- ^ Birungi, Marvis. "South Sudanese Celebrate Martyrs' Day". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 31 July 2012. Retrieved 2014-04-16.
- ^ "Women Fight Over President Salva Kiir in Nairobi - South Sudan". PaanLuel Wël Media Ltd - South Sudan. 11 April 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
- ^ Rayson, Hannie (24 May 2019). "I feel free: Lawyer Nyadol Nyuon's journey from horror to hope". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
- ^ Heaton, Laura (26 June 2011). "Building the New Nation of South Sudan". Newsweek. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ^ "William Nyuon Bany Foundation". House of Bany. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ^ "South Sudan Presidential Press Unit: Mr. Mabok William Nyuon paid a courtesy visit to the State House to see the conference hall named after his late father, Cdr William Nyuon Bany". Facebook. 18 May 2019. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
Further reading edit
- Johnson, D.H. (2011). The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars: Peace Or Truce. African issues. James Currey. ISBN 978-1-84701-029-2.