The Westeremden yew-stick is a yew-wood stick found in Westeremden in the Groningen province of the Netherlands in 1917. It bears an Old Frisian runic inscription, dated to the second half of the 8th century.[1] With a total of 41 letters, this is the longest of the extant Frisian runic inscriptions.
Transliteration edit
The inscription is divided into three lines, as follows:
- ᚩᛈᚻᚳᛗᚢᛡᛁ
ᛅᛞᚪᚳᛗᛚᚢᚦ: - ᚹᛁᛗᛟ ᚳᚻᚦᚢᚴᛅ
- ᛁᚹᛁᚩ
ᚢ
ᛞᚢᚿᚩᛚᛖ:
Runes with unfamiliar shapes or uncertain values are:
, a Spiegelrune of ᛒ, similar to a variant of ᛥ stan, transliterated as B below
, a Spiegelrune of ᛈ, similar to a variant of ᛥ stan, transliterated as P below
, like Younger Futhark kaun, transliterated as K below- ᚳ (like Anglo-Saxon cen, occurring three times); it apparently represents a vowel, likely æ, replacing absent ᚫ æsc
- ᛅ (like Younger Futhark ar), transliterated as A below
- ᚴ, a "bookhand-s", transliterated as S below
- ᚿ, like a short-twig n, probably for ᚾ n
with these decisions, the transliteration may be:
- ophæmujiBAdaæmluþ:
- wimœBæhþuSA
- iwioKuPdunale:
Interpretations edit
Seebold (1990) reads (transliterating g for j, v for B, ë for A, ô for œ):
- ophæmu givëda amluþ:iwi ok upduna (a)le wimôv æh þusë
Looijenga (1997) reads:
- op hæmu jibada æmluþ : iwi ok up duna (a)le wimœd æh þusa
This reading gives rise to an interpretation along the lines of
- "luck (amluþ) stays (gibada) at home (op hæmu); and (ok) at the yew (iwi) may it grow (ale) on the hill (up duna); Wimœd has (æh) this (þusa)."
or paraphrased more loosely, "At the homestead stays good fortune, may it also grow near the yew on the terp; Wimœd owns this."
In a controversial suggestion going back to 1937, the sequence æmluþ has often been interpreted as a reference to Amleth ("Hamlet").[2] The inscription is here interpreted as
- ophamu gistadda amluþ : iwim ost ah þukn iwi os ust dukale
and given the translation
- "Amluth took his (fighting) position on the high place. Before his yews the waves cowered. May the waves cower before this yew."[3]
The association has led to speculative proposals to the point that Quak (1991) called for a re-examination for the inscription with the ironic caveat "maybe disregarding associations with Hamlet or Amluth".[4]
References edit
- ^ For paleographical reasons (the bookhand-s and Younger Futhark influence), Looijenga dates the stick to after AD 750.
- ^ N. Kapteyn, 'Zwei Runeninschriften aus der Terp von Westeremden', Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur 57 (1937), 160-226. H. Arntz, Handbuch der Runenkunde 2nd ed. 1944 ("Gegen das hohe Land stellte sich Hamlet. Vor seinen Eiben hat das Unwetter sich ducken müssen. Vor diesem Eibenstäbchen ducke sich die Flut"). "Eibe" in Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde, Volume 6 (1973), p. 527.
- ^ "Auf (bez. gegen) Opheim nahm Stellung (nahm den kampf auf, constitit) Amluþ. Vor (seinen) eiben hat sich die brandung geduckt. Vor (dieser) eibe ducke sich die brandung"'; Arend Quak, . 1990. 'Runica Frisica', in: R.H. Bremmer et al. (eds.), Aspects of Old Frisian Philology. Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik, 31/32, 365. Arend Quak, 'Zur Inschrift von Westeremden B', in: J.E. Knirk (ed.), Proceedings of the third international symposium on runes and runic inscriptions. Grindaheim, Norway, 8-12 august 1990 Uppsala, 1994, 83-94.
- ^ "Es wäre vielleicht an der Zeit, namentlich die Inschrift von Westeremden einer neuen Betrachtung zu unterziehen. Dabei könnte man vielleicht Assoziationen mit Hamlet oder Amluth außer Betracht lassen" Arend Quak, 'Altfriesische und altenglische Runen', in: A. Bammesberger (ed.), Old English runes and their continental background Heidelberg, 1991, 295.
- Tineke J. H. Looijenga, Runes around the North Sea and on the Continent AD 150–700, dissertation, Groningen University (1997), 183–185.