Lebanon viper

Lebanon viper
Conservation status
	; Endangered (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Suborder:	Serpentes
Family:	Viperidae
Genus:	Montivipera
Species:	M. bornmuelleri
Binomial name
	Montivipera bornmuelleri; F. Werner, 1898
Synonyms
	Lachesis libanotica ; Hemprich, 1827 (nomen nudum); Vipera Bornmülleri ; F. Werner, 1898; Vipera lebetina var. bornmülleri ; — F. Werner, 1902; Coluber bornmülleri ; — Nikolsky, 1916; Vipera bornmülleri ; — F. Werner, 1922; Vipera bornmülleri ; — F. Werner, 1936; Vipera bornmuelleri ; — Mertens, 1967; Daboia (Daboia) raddei bornmuelleri ; — Obst, 1983; Vipera bonnmulleri ; Khole, 1991 (ex errore); Vipera xanthina bornmuelleri ; — Golay et al., 1993; Montivipera bornmuelleri ; — Garrigues et al., 2005;

The Lebanon viper (Montivipera bornmuelleri), also known as Bornmueller's viper,^[4] is a species of venomous snake in the subfamily Viperinae of the family Viperidae.^[5] The species is native to Western Asia.^[3] There are no recognized subspecies.^[5]

Etymology edit

The specific name, bornmuelleri, is in honor of German botanist Joseph Friedrich Nicolaus Bornmüller.^[6]

Description edit

M. bornmuelleri grows to a maximum total length (including tail) of about 75 cm (30 in), but usually much less. Males tend to be larger than females in some populations. In specimens from Mount Lebanon, the maximum total lengths were 47.3 cm (18.6 in) for females and 53.8 cm (21.2 in) for males. The tail accounts for about 7–10% of the total length.^[4]

Geographic range and habitat edit

M. bornmuelleri is found in high mountain areas in Israel, Lebanon, and Syria.^[1]^[2]^[3] Its preferred natural habitats are cedar forest, shrubland, and alpine grassland.^[1]

Reproduction edit

M. bornmuelleri is viviparous.^[3]

Taxonomy edit

The original syntypes of M. bornmuelleri were collected in Lebanon at 1800 m (5,900 ft) and in the Bolkar mountains of western Turkey at 2200 m (7,200 ft) as described by Franz Werner in 1898.^[7]^[8] In 1922, Werner restricted the type locality to Lebanon in his designation of his specimen as a lectotype,^[9] and in 1938 separated out the southern varieties as a separate species (Daboia palaestinae).^[10] In 1967 Mertens raised the name bornmuelleri to valid species rank for the Lebanese populations,^[11] thus leaving the name xanthina for all Turkish populations, which arrangement was accepted by Baran in 1976,^[12] and agreed with by Nilson and Andrén in their 1985 paper.^[2]^[8]

Conservation status edit

The species M. bornmuelleri is as of 2006^[update] classified as Endangered (EN) according to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species with the following criteria: B1ab(iii) (v3.1, 2001).^[1] This indicates that it is facing a high risk of extinction in the wild because the extent of its occurrence within its geographic range is estimated to be less than 5,000 km² (1,931 sq mi), because its populations are severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than 5 locations, and because a continued decline is observed, inferred or projected in the area, extent and/or quality of its habitat.^[13]

References edit

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Mousa Disi, A.M.; Hraoui-Bloquet, S.; Sadek, R.; Werner, Y. (2006). "Montivipera bornmuelleri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2006: e.T61445A12486224. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T61445A12486224.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Species Montivipera bornmuelleri at The Reptile Database www.reptile-database.org.
^ ^a ^b Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G (2003). True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.
^ ^a ^b "Vipera bornmuelleri ". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 16 August 2006.
^ Beolens B, Watkins M, Grayson M (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Vipera bornmuelleri, p. 32.).
^ Werner F (1898). "Über einige neue Reptilien und einen neuen Frosch aus dem cilicischen Taurus ". Zoologischer Anzeiger 21: 217–223. (Vipera bornmuelleri, new species, p. 218). (in German).
^ ^a ^b Nilson, Göran; Andrén, Claes (1985). "Systematics of the Vipera xanthina Complex (Reptilia: Viperidae). III. Taxonomic Status of the Bulgar Dagh Viper in South Turkey". Journal of Herpetology 19 (2): 276–283. (p. 276.)
^ Werner F (1922). "Synopsis der Schlangenfamilien der Amblycephalidae und Viperidae ". Archiv für Naturgeschichte 8A: 185–244. (in German).
^ Werner F (1938). "Eine verkannte Vipera (Vipera palaestinae n. sp.)". Zoologischer Anzeiger 122: 313–318. (in German).
^ Mertens R (1967). "Über Lachesis libanotica und den Status von Vipera bornmuelleri". Senckenbergiana Biologica 48 (3): 153–159. (in German).
^ Baran İ (1976). "Tiirkiye yilanlarinin taksonomik revizyonu ve cografi dagilislari ". TBTAK Yayinlari, Ankara, T.B.A.G. Series 9, (309): 177. (in Turkish).
^ 2001 Categories & Criteria (version 3.1) at the IUCN Red List. Accessed 2 September 2007.