Verbless clauses are comprised, semantically, of a predicand, expressed or not, and a verbless predicate. For example, the underlined string in [With the children so sick,] we've been at home a lot means the same thing as the clause the children are so sick. It attributes the predicate "so sick" to the predicand "the children". In most contexts, *the children so sick would be ungrammatical.
History of the concept edit
In the early days of generative grammar, new conceptions of the clause were emerging. Paul Postal and Noam Chomsky argued that every verb phrase had a subject, even if none was expressed, (though Joan Bresnan and Michael Brame disagreed).[1] As a result, every VP was thought to head a clause.
The idea of verbless clauses was perhaps introduced by James McCawley in the early 1980s with examples like the underlined part of with John in jail... meaning "John is in jail".[2]
Examples edit
English edit
In Modern English, verbless clauses are common as the complement of with or without.[3]: 1267
Other prepositions such as although, once, when, and while also take verbless clause complements, such as Although no longer a student, she still dreamed of the school,[3]: 1267 in which the predicand corresponds to the subject of the main clause, she. Supplements, too can be verbless clauses, as in Many people came, some of them children or Break over, they returned to work.
Neither A comprehensive grammar of the English language[4]: 1068 norThe Cambridge grammar of the English language offer any speculations about the structure(s) of such clauses. The latter says, without hedging, "the head of a clause (the predicate) is realised by a VP.": 50 It's not clear how such a statement could be compatible with the existence of verbless clauses.
| Independent | Dependent |
|---|---|
| What a great thing to do![5]
How odd that nobody noticed![5] Out of my way! |
He stood there quietly, with his hands in his pockets.
Whether a fact or not, it is commonly believed. Whatever the reason, it's annoying. He didn't love her as much as she him. The bramble shook as if alive. |
Gurindji Kriol language edit
Ascriptive clauses consist of a subject noun and nominalised adjective.
Existential clauses contain a subject with locative phrase.
Possessive constructions consist of a nominal acting as a predicates, taking another nominal argument. In these clauses the head is marked dative. Inalienable nominals (body parts and kinship) are only optionally marked dative.[7]
wartarra
hey
yu
2SG
bin
PST
kirt
break
dat
the
ngakparn-ku
frot-DAT
hawuj
house
"Hey you broke the frog's home (the bottle)."[8]
Jingulu language edit
In Jingulu language, predicates in verbless clauses can be adjectives or nouns, possessors, adpositionals, or adverbs.
Verbless clause example:
Merei-Tiale language edit
In Merei-Tiale language, there are verbless equative clauses.
| I | nau | motei | na | tasale |
| A:P | 1 | IRR.3.NEG | A:C | white-man |
| 'I am not a white-man'[10]: 37 | ||||
| I | nie | motei | na | tija |
| A:P | 3 | IRR.3.NEG | A:C | teacher |
| 'He is not a teacher'[10]: 37 | ||||
Modern Scots edit
In Modern Scots, examples are seen in relative clauses. She haed tae walk the hale lenth o the road an her seiven month pregnant "She had to walk the whole length of the road—and she seven months pregnant". He telt me tae rin an me wi ma sair leg "He told me to run—and me with my sore leg".
Shilha language edit
Shilha language has examples like the following:
- darnɣ argan ar inkkr ɣ tagant (with.us EL-argan it.is.growing in EA-forest) "we have an argan tree growing in the forest"
- is ur dark kra yaḍnin? (question not with.you something other) "don't you have something different?"
References edit
- ^ Pullum, Geoffrey K. (1989). "Prospects for generative grammar in the 1990s". In Brengelman, Frederick H.; Samiian, Vida; Wilkins, Wendy (eds.). Proceedings of the Western Conference on Linguistics, Volume 2: 1989. Fresno, CA: Department of Linguistics, California State University.
- ^ McCawley, James D. (1983). "What's with with?". Language. 59 (2): 271–287. doi:10.2307/413575. JSTOR 413575 – via JSTOR.
- ^ a b Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (2002-04-15). The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316423530. ISBN 978-0-521-43146-0.
- ^ A comprehensive grammar of the English language. Longman. 1985.
- ^ a b These clauses each include a verb, but the verb is part of a subordinate clause.
- ^ a b Meakins, 2012b
- ^ Meakins and O'Shannessy 2005
- ^ Meakins 2011c: 157
- ^ Pensalfini, Robert (2003). A Grammar of Jingulu: An Aboriginal language of the Northern Territory. Canberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics. ISBN 0858835584.
- ^ a b Chung, Ying Shing Anthony. (2005). Descriptive grammar of Merei (Vanuatu). Australian National University. Pacific Linguistics. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. ISBN 0858835606. OCLC 70282773.