The Sütçü İmam incident (Turkish: Sütçü İmam olayı) also known as Uzun Oluk incident[1] (Uzun Oluk olayı) occurred on October 31, 1919, when an occupying French Legionnaire ripped off the hijab of a Turkish woman in the city of Kahramanmaras (then Maraş). In the following fight, a local man named Sütçü İmam would fire what is considered the first shot against French occupying forces in Marash.[2][3] The incident is considered the beginning of the tension leading to the Battle of Marash, which was the first major victory of the Turkish War of Independence.[4][2]
Background edit
After the Armistice of Mudros was signed, Kahramanmaraş, Aintab and Adana came under the occupation of British forces. In the autumn of 1919, the British handed control over of these regions to the French, who in October entered Marash. The French occupation force was primarily made up of troops from the French Colonial Forces and the French Armenian Legion. The Armenian Legion, comprising 2000 armed auxiliaries entered the city the day after, on 30 October.[5]
Incident edit
On the night of 31 October, three Muslim women who were coming out of a public bath (hamam) on Uzunoluk street were accosted by a drunk Armenian legionnaire who harassed and molested them. The soldier attempted to tear off the veil of the women stating, "This is no longer the land of the Turks, you cannot walk around with a veil in French territory."[6][3] The women started to scream and ask for help. A local, 17-year-old[7] Çakmakcı Sait, ran forward without a weapon. He was then shot and killed by the Armenian legionnaires. Soon after, an individual by the name of Sütçü İmam (literally, milkman Imam) opened fire on the Armenian soldiers, killing or wounding (depending on the version) one or more of them.[6]
Stanley Kerr, an American relief worker who was working in Marash at the time, was able to present the account of an Armenian soldier who had been serving under the French legion at the time. According to him, an Armenian rakıcı (that is, a person who prepares the popular alcoholic drink rakı) was serving several Armenian legionnaires with his drink when one of them, who was intoxicated after drinking one cup too many, approached a Muslim woman exiting the bath and removed her veil. An altercation followed and an unknown assailant (possibly Sütçü İmam) shot and killed one of the legionnaires, but not the offending one.[8]
Aftermath edit
After the incident, Sütçü İmam escaped and took refuge in a nearby village. Kahramanmaras officially commemorates both Hüseyin, son of Zülfikar Çavuş (a reported bystander) and Kadir, Sütçü İmam's cousin as being victims of the French Legion's retaliation.[9] According to Kahramanmaras' government record, Kadir was arrested and tortured by the French Legion, subject to his nose and ears being cut off, and died of suffocation in custody.[9]
Sütçü İmam's act would be considered the first shot fired against foreign occupation in the Marash fight for independence,[3][2] and the beginning of the first major battle of the Turkish War of Independence.[4] The tension sparked by this incident increased gradually and led to the armed uprising against the French army in February 1920 (Battle of Marash).
Memory edit
In memory of this incident, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University is named after Sütçü İmam in 1992. Çakmakcı Sait would be commemorated with both a school and a mosque in his name.[10][11] Necmettin Erbakan tended to reference the role of Islamic notables during the Turkish War of Independence- such as Sütçü İmam and Rıdvan Hoca.[12]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ Robert Farrer Zeidner, The Tricolor over the Taurus: The French in Cilicia and Vicinity, 1918-1922, Atatürk Supreme Council for Culture, Language and History, 2005, ISBN 978-975-16-1767-5, p. 169.
- ^ a b c Nejla, Günay (2019). "First Victory of The National Struggle: The National Struggle and Heroism of Marash". Journal of Turkology. 29 (1): 47–74. doi:10.26650/iuturkiyat.665123.
- ^ a b c "Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi". www.ksu.edu.tr. Retrieved 2024-04-17.
- ^ a b Rustow, Dankwart A. “The Army and the Founding of the Turkish Republic.” World Politics, vol. 11, no. 4, 1959, pp. 513–52. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/2009591. Accessed 17 Apr. 2024.
- ^ Kerr, Stanley Elphinstone (1973). The Lions of Marash: Personal Experiences with American Near East Relief, 1919-1922. SUNY Press, pp. 95–142. ISBN. p. 62
- ^ a b (in Turkish) Saral, Ahmet Hulki. Türk İstiklâl Harbi, IV ncü Cilt, Güney Cephesi: (The Turkish War of Independence, vol. iv: The Southern Front) İngiliz ve Fransızların Güney-Doğu Anadolu'yu İşgal Etmeleri, Millî Mücadele Hareketleri, Bu Bölgede Yapılan Muharebeler ve Revandiz Harekâtı (15 Mayıs 1919-20 Ekim 1921), Ankara: Gnkur. Basımevi, p. 58.
- ^ "ANADOLU'NUN KURTULUŞ ATEŞİ MARAŞ'TAN YAKILMIŞTIR". maarifanadolulisesi.meb.k12.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2024-04-17.
- ^ Kerr, Stanley E. The Lions of Marash: Personal Experiences with American Near East Relief, 1919-1922. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1973, p. 63.
- ^ a b "Tarihçe". www.onikisubat.gov.tr. Retrieved 2024-04-17.
- ^ "T.C. MİLLÎ EĞİTİM BAKANLIĞI KAHRAMANMARAŞ / DULKADİROĞLU / Çakmakçı Sait Ortaokulu". cakmakcisaitortaokulu.meb.k12.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2024-04-17.
- ^ "Çakmakçı Sait Cami · Serintepe, 60036. Sk. No:7, 46050 Kahramanmaraş Merkez/Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye". Çakmakçı Sait Cami · Serintepe, 60036. Sk. No:7, 46050 Kahramanmaraş Merkez/Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye. Retrieved 2024-04-17.
- ^ Steven A. Cook, Ruling But Not Governing: The Military and Political Development in Egypt, Algeria, and Turkey, JHU Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-8018-8591-4, p. 120.
External links edit
- Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University - Sütçü İmam Kimdir? (in Turkish)
- Stanford J. Shaw, "The Armenian Legion and its Destruction of the Armenian Community of Cilicia", in Türkkaya Ataöv, İlber Ortaylı (ed.), The Armenians in the Late Ottoman Period, Turkish Historical Society, 2001, pp. 155–206.