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Lavanya Vemsani

Turkmen films edit

https://www.imdb.com/search/title/?countries=tm

Cloé Drieu.

Agaeva, G. G. Turkmenskoe dokumental'noe kino. Ashkhabad: Znanie, 1988.

Abdullaev, Bairam. Klassika i ekran (na materiale kinoiskusstva respublik Srednei Azii). Ashkhabad: Ylym, 1983.

https://www.library.illinois.edu/ias/spx/slavicresearchguides/nationalbib/natbibturkmen/

https://www.library.illinois.edu/ias/spx/slavicresearchguides/nationalbib/turkmenintro/

Rajput edit

  • Kingship and Polity on the Himalayan Borderland
  • Serving Empire, Serving Nation: James Tod and the Rajputs of Rajasthan TrangaBellam (talk) 14:59, 21 June 2021 (UTC)

Kabaw valley Chronology with some background edit

  • Settlement - Unknown.
  • 1475 — King Kiyamba of Manipur allies with a Pong king to conquer Kyang (alt. for Khumbat - ?), a Pong tributary of Kabaw (Kabo) Valley from the Shans. The dispute is of a romantic origin. [Ch.K.] [Budha Kamei] [Brown, Statistics]
  • "Kyang" (or more preciesley "Khyang") is the original Burmese spelling of Chin. It appears that Khumbat was under the control of Chins at that time. (User:Kautilya3)
  • A treaty demarcating boundaries follows. Kabo is shared between Manipur and the Pongs, a kingdom whose very historicity is under doubt. [Budha Kamei] [Brown, Statistics]
  • Sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries - No scholar has a clear idea of the precise regional history. Pemberton writes that Kabaw valley alternated between control by Manipur and Burma. Also see Burney's note.
  • Apparently, Manipur chooses to not exercise direct rule but installs semi-autonomous vassals. [Budha Kamei]
  • Across first half of 16th c., Manipur does not have effective control over Kabaw, whose vassals remain largely independent with help from Burma. Military expeditions are routine. [Budha Kamei]
  • Mungyamba mounts multiple successful invasions in multiple parts of Kabaw valley: Sumjok, Kyang etc. These invasions continue across his reign. [Budha Kamei] (Sumjok is called Thaungthut by the Burmese. It is on the west bank of Chindwin. -- User:Kautilya3)
  • Khagemba, Khunjaoba, and Paikhomba continues with these successful invasions of Kabaw. A 1692 invasion by Burma is resisted. [Budha Kamei]
  • 1800-1810 - Kabaw is under Manipur, as evidenced by tributes. The Burmese invades in 1805 as well as 1806.
  • 1807 is witness to internecine warfare between Marjit and Chourajit; a defeated Marjit flees to Burma. The Shan troops of the former are made PoW before allowed to return (to where; Kabaw?). The following year, they reconcile courtesy mediation of a Burmese envoy before Marjit rebels and is yet again purged.
  • 1814 - Aided by troops from Burma, Marjit succeeds in capturing the throne but as a vassal of Burma. Chourajit flees to Kachar. [Jhalajit] Pemberton and others date this to 1812.
  • In return for Burmese assistance, Marjit cedes Kabaw Valley to Burma. (User:Kautilya3)
  • 1816 - Marjit has timber fell at Kabaw in Feb to Burmese opposition. [Jhalajit]
  • 1819 - Burma invades Manipur in December and gradually takes control of entire territory incl. Kabaw Valley, despite guerilla warfare led by different members of royal family. Marjit flees at the outset to Kachar. [Jhalajit]
  • 1821 - In February, Burma install an erstwhile high-official as King and leave with all troops and slaves. The King makes swift peace with the guerilla rebels and Yumjao Taba is crowned as an "independent" king. Rules for two months before abdicating to his uncle Gambhir Singh in April. Gambhir ruled independently for about 6 months before Burma, dissatisfied with the independence shown by Manipuri rulers, chose to install their first vassal Jai. Gambhir abdicates to Kachar. [Jhalajit]
  • Sometime before Anglo-Manipur War — The Sumjok (north) and Kule (south) principalities are populated and prosperous. They are ruled by hereditary Shan chieftains, who are nominal vassals (Tsaubwa) of the provincial Governor, appointed by the Konbaungs of Burma. Khumbat, the third principality in the south, has a similar status; however, it had never moved beyond the destruction wrought by Kiyamba centuries ago. [Pemberton, 1835]
  • 1823 - The three brothers reconcile and conquer Kachar. Soon enough, Gambhir comes out on the top with some help from British machinations. He liaises with EIC who were in increasing conflict with Burma. [Mackenzie, 1884] [Jhalajit]
  • 1825-26 — In the course of Anglo-Manipuri War, Gambhir's troops (Manipur Levy) mount a successful assault against Kabaw. The Rajah of Sumjok and Kale are taken as PoW. Natives (~10,000) migrate en masse to Manipur territories, subsequently. [Mackenzie, 1884] [Pemberton, 1835] [A.C. Banerjee, 1943] [Jhalajit]
  • 1825-26
  • February — The treaty of Yandao ensures a humiliating defeat for the Burmese; Gambhir Singh was asked to be restored to the throne of Manipur, if he wished. [A.C. Banerjee, 1943] [Mackenzie, 1884]
  • However, this treaty neither mentions Kabaw Valley nor delineates any Manipur-Burma boundary. As a result, Gambhir Singh keeps all the territories that he wielded control over (at the end of the war) and the Ningthee river becomes the new unofficial boundary. [Mackenzie, 1884]
  • "Humiliating" is too strong. Burma was only cede recently acquired territories on the border. The reparation was certainly humiliating, but only because Burma did not have silver, a fact that was not known to the British at the time of the treaty. On the flip side, the war was the most expensive one that the British Empire had fought up to that point, and the Board of Directors of BEIC were distinctly unhappy with the whole business. So it was a high priority for the British to ensure that hostilities would not recur. (User:Kautilya3)
  • April — Burmese forces breach the de-facto border into the Kabaw valley before returning back. Gambhir Singh appeals to the British for a boundary-negotiation. The Govt. of Burma rejects that Gambhir Singh ever conquered the valley, technically. [A.C. Banerjee, 1943]
  • After some back-and-forth involving commissioner of Kachar et al, the Supreme British Govt. communicates to the Burmese envoy on 30 June that they prefer status quo be maintained and the Burmese retreat. This will remain the British stance for years. [A.C. Banerjee, 1943] [Mackenzie, 1884]
  • 1827
  • February - The Burmese Ministers and British Envoy re-discuss the boundary issue. The Burmese had presented spurious maps claiming their territory to extend as far as Kangla. [Mackenzie, 1884]
  • June - The Privy Council reiterates that Gambhir Singh shall continue to control northern and middle Kabaw Valley. They also wish that Singh controlled Kule too, but comments of it to be a non-negotiable territory for the Burmese. [Mackenzie, 1884]
  • 1828
  • April - Capt. Grant and Lt. Pemberton are appointed Commissioners for settling the boundary dispute in consultation with Manipur and Burma. The parties meet on the banks of Ningthee/Chindwin for delineation but agree to postponed by a year due to unfavorable weather. [Mackenzie, 1884]
  • August and next few months - The Burmese now claimed that Ningthee was different than Chindwin, in that it flowed far westward. A set of forged maps were again produced. [Mackenzie, 1884]
    • "Ningthee" is a Manipuri name for Chindwin. It is possible that the Burmese honestly misinterpreted it to mean the Yu River that flows through the Kabaw Valley. Both the British and Manipuri writings are of involved parties, and can't be taken at face value. (User:Kautilya3)
  • October - The two commissioners are asked of by A. Campbell, in case the Burmese claims were true, whether ceding the valley was acceptable. Both rejects that the hypothesis had any factual basis and oppose ceding of territory. The Burmese envoy is informed that the British authority were prepared to prove that both were same. [Mackenzie, 1884]
  • 1829
  • January - The Burmese Commissioners decline to meet; they are busy collecting war indemnities and arranging festivals. Pemberton and Grant are instructed to proceed unilaterally and delineate the boundary; Kabaw Valley is to remain within Gambhir Singh's control. Manipuri Thannahs were accordingly set up, soon. [Mackenzie, 1884]
  • July - The boundary map is transmitted to the Burmese Govt. Their commissioners are asked to visit the line with Grant, and fix boundary posts.
  • November - Burmese Govt. confirms the desired meeting to take place in January, 1930. However, new locus of objection appeared. It was finally conceded that Gambhir Singh had conquered the valley but that the treaty of Yandabo did not confer a right to retain conquered "Burmese" territory, was raised. Apparently, Manipur never controlled Kabaw Valley. Also, Campbell had apparently promised them the Kabaw Valley during the treaty. [Mackenzie, 1884]
  • Grant rejects the assertion. [Mackenzie, 1884]
  • 1830
  • January - Burney is appointed as Resident of Burma (per Treaty of Yandabo) and is instructed to settle the boundary, per Grant's delineation. The commissioners from both the sides meet, as proposed; Pemberton accompanies Burney. Whilst the Burmese counterparts are not convinced of the claims to Kabaw valley, they concede that their maps to be flawed and accepts that Kabaw had been ruled by Manipur, in past. [Mackenzie, 1884]
  • December - Burney floats a proposal about conceding Kabaw permanently in lieu of substantial reductions in the tribute that remained to be yet paid, per Treaty of Yandabo. The ministers are keen on accepting but is rejected by the King. [Mackenzie, 1884]
  • 1831
  • May - Burney accepts failure in resolving the issue on Kabaw valley and notes the King to be entirely unwilling in considering any kind of bargain. [Mackenzie, 1884]
  • 1832
  • April - Burney accepts failure in resolving the boundary dispute. But questions the rationality of the British Govt. on choosing to have terse relations with Burma and risking a potential war, on the account of a non-strategic valley. He is asked to explain his reasoning from a historical perspective. [Mackenzie, 1884]
  • ?? — The chieftain of Sumjok officially relinquishes his suzerainty and submits to Gambhir Singh. The migrants return back. [Pemberton, 1835]
  • ?? — Prodded on by the BEIC, Bagyidaw subjugates the Shans in totality and encroaches on their autonomy. Relationship deteriorates, and natives flock back to Manipur. [Pemberton, 1835]
  • July 5 - Burney submits his reply-report to BG, in favor of Burmese claims. [A.C. Banerjee, 1943] [Mackenzie, 1884]
  • Burney makes four arguments here: (1) The Burmese claim Kabaw Valley had been in possession of the Ava monarchy since 1370, even though there were Shan rebellions in the 15th and 16 centuries. (Burney seems to accept this based on his own studies.) (2) It had been in undisputed possession of Burma for 12 years prior to the war. This alludes to Marjit Singh's cession of the valley. (3) As per the Treaty of Yandabo, Gambhir Singh was only entitled to the territories he had prior to the "war" (i.e., hostilities in general). Kabaw was under Burmese control prior to the hostilities. (4) It is practically difficult for the British to defend the Kabaw Valley on account of the terrain (as proved during the Anglo-Burmese War) and the valley was of limited economic value (disease-prone, poorly cultivated etc.) So risking a war for its sake would be imprudent. (User:Kautilya3)
  • 1833
  • March In a letter, dated 16 March, the Supreme British Govt. (to Burney) offers to return Kabaw to Burma, but only as a token of amity and re-asserts that they still believes the former boundary to be proper. In another letter to their govt., they are also asked to depute two commissioners in November, 1833 to (1) delineate the new boundary and (2) receive control of the towns in Kabaw valley. [A.C. Banerjee, 1943] [Mackenzie, 1884]
  • June - The Rajah of Sumbok submits (what will be his last) tribute. [Jhalajit]
  • November - Grant and Pemberton meet with their Burmese counterparts, who seeks to push the boundary further east (Muring instead of Yoma Doung). Instructed to not allow any kind of negotiations, they threatened to leave without transferring Kabaw valley, if the boundary is not allowed to be settled. Multiple requests of postponement and a proposal to seek the consent of tribals (inhabiting the new frontiers of Manipur) are not granted either. [Mackenzie, 1884]
  • 1834
  • January — On the 9th, the transfer takes place. Despite fresh refusal to sign the final declaration, he concedes facing the aspect of losing Kabaw but notes minute disagreement regarding the territory between Muring and Yoma Doung. Gambhir Singh remains not much pleased at the entire deal though he didn't object. On 25th, his heirs are entitled to a monthly compensation of 500 Sicca Rupees. This compensation will continue till August 1947. [Mackenzie, 1884] [Jhalajit]
  • Lord Bentick too found Manipur to be of little value as a frontier kingdom. Accordingly, he sought to defuse regional tensions. At the same time, he granted a favorable boundary alignment to Manipur in the East and the South to secure transport routes with mainland India and total cooperation in the event of another Anglo-Burmese war. [Mackenzie, 1884]
  • Neither Gambhir nor the inhabitants (who were not consulted) are part. happy. The former remarked since it was the British who allowed him to keep the territory, they can take it away too. Gambhir died on the 9th. Johnstone will think of tis transfer to be a strategic blunder. [Johnstone]
  • Late 1830s to 1860s — On a whole, relations remain pretty smooth. Border-disputes are largely in-frequent. In some cases, there arise genuine doubts on whose side the frontier villages of Kabaw Valley lay. The Political Agent at Manipur (McCulloch) becomes increasingly significant in settling these disputes. [Mackenzie, 1884]
  • 1850 Chandrakeerti threatens that if compensation was withheld from him any longer, Kabaw Valley is to be occupied by force. Soon enough, he receives the sum with arrears. A part (50/-) of this is allotted to Debendra until his death in 1871. [Jhalajit] [Brown, Statistics] [Johnstone]
  • Second Anglo-Burmese War did not affect Kabaw Valley, materially.
  • ?? [Brown, Statistics] records an annual compensation of 6370 rupees, paid by Brit. Govt. The origin of extra 370 is not clear.
  • 1871
  • April - To verify whether Nat-tseng-nga lay in Manipur/Burma, GOI sends General Nuthall to the frontiers but does not permit him to discuss broader boundary disputes; he is subject to a hostile reception by the Burmese counterparts. Nuthall rejects that Burma's claims were valid and goes on to hypothesize a road to be Pemberton's creation and the border! [Mackenzie, 1884]
    • ?? - GOI rejects Nuthall's hypothesis in that Pemberton's report or treaty mentions no highway but the foot of eastern slope of Moirang hills as border. Any deviations from Pemberton's line being unacceptable, a re-verification is sought. Nuthall is sent a copy of Pemberton's report. [Mackenzie, 1884]
  • 1871
  • November - Political Agent Thomson arrives for the reverification. Some other thannahs and villages were disputed by this time. All of his judgements go against the Burmese. [Mackenzie, 1884]
  • ?? - Thomson fails to identify Pemberton's line from his maps and instead propose, what he believes to be an approximation of the line. He goes on to request that surveyors accompany him in 1873-74 to demarcate the valley in a proper manner. [Mackenzie, 1884]
  • 1872
  • July A deputation from Mandalay meets with Thomson regarding a litany of frontier disputes. Most were resolved. Henceforth, Burma is requested to contact the Agent rather than the Durbar for speedy resolution. [Mackenzie, 1884]
  • 1873
  • March - GOI replies to Thomson and is not keen to enter into boundary-demarcation unless the Manipur Durbar withdraws as a party. This consent will come from Durbar after six months. [Mackenzie, 1884]
  • September - Thomson is no more the Agent and the Burmese Govt. asserts of the existing boundary to be enough satisfactory. That Burma withdrew their inappropriate claims (and encroachments), Manipur is not too keen either on a demarcation proposal. Also, Thomson's line runs from village to village, giving away Manipuri agricultural tracts to Burma. [Mackenzie, 1884]
  • Brown takes these into account and sends a proposal accepting the old line but with one slight change. Burma refuse and seeks maintaining the 1834 treaty in totality. All proposals to demarcate boundary are stopped henceforth. [Mackenzie, 1884]
  • 1875
  • February - Kookies backed by Manipuri forces apparently raid a frontier village in Kabaw Valley. On a physical inquiry, Brown finds the allegations made by the chieftain of Sumjok (and later made by the Govt. of Burma) to be wholly fictitious or massively exaggerated.
  • 1877-1880 - On 11 December 1877, inhabitants of Kabaw Valley raid a frontier outpost (Kongal) of Manipur and murders eight. Agent Johnstone verifies the happenings and the border-passes are closed (uncl.) Burma promise to investigate but use a range of diversionary tactics for 2 whole years to ensure nobody is punished. A monetary compensation is later agreed upon.
    In the meanwhile, Manipur is accused multiple times of engaging in like acts but facts fail to convince Johnstone. 1878-1880 also witness multiple attacks, murders and abductions by Chasad Kookies, operating out of disputed no-mans-zone, allegedly on behest of the Rajah of Sumjok.
    Relations deteriorate to an all-time low and there were periodic rumors of full-blown invasion by Burmese. 4
  • 1881-83 - Another demarcation expedition is set up. Burma did not turn up. Chassad is brought within Manipur. The new line is the Pemberton-Johnston line.
  • 1885-6 - As part of Third Anglo-Burma War, the British Govt. occupies parts of Kabaw for some time. It is planned for a return to Manipur upon req. by Manipur but shelved. [Brown, Upper Chindwin] [Than Tun]
  • 1887 - Kabaw is pacified. [Brown, Upper Chindwin]
  • 1896 - Another boundary revision is executed by Maxwell.
  • 1924-29 - Churachand seeks renegotiation of boundary. Nothing transpires with a reluctant Burma and Govt. [Uncl.] [Indramani, pt. 5]
  • 1947-?? - After the transfer of power in 1947, the Burmese Government paid the said amount to the Government of India which in turn, passed on the same amount to Manipur. Since Manipur's merger with India in 1949, the amount went straight to the Central exchequer. In the year 1953, U Nu, the then Prime Minister of Burma came to Manipur and met his Indian counterpart Jawaharlal Nehru. Thereafter, no record of receiving the indemnity/compensation from Burma is found. 1
  • Kabaw Valley is the new headquarter of Irabot Singh, after he goes underground. Set up with Burmese help. Irabot had earlier demanded restoration of Kabaw to Manipur. 5 TrangaBellam (talk) 21:20, 19 June 2021 (UTC)

Code edit

Famine edit

A modest attempt to list sources which prim. discuss the subject -

Hindutva lead edit

See User:TrangaBellam/Hindutva Lead.

Keep a watch edit

Upcoming - Rupakheti, Johnson KS Sangapala, Nandi

https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/d8-pnty-2860

https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8602942

https://www.history.ucsb.edu/graduate-student/mmbrown/

Moulvi Abdul Ali - Jenfer knowsa thing or two?

Shahid Rahimullah

Review edit

Magtym edit

https://www.academia.edu/45040781/Divani_Mahdumkulu_Adl%C4%B1_Eser_%C3%9Czerine_Diwany_Madtymdulyny%C5%88_Atly_Eseri_Hakynda

Arseny Tarkovsky

https://centrasia.org/cnt2.php?st=1037184122

https://cabar.asia/en/exotic-turkmenistan-to-be-vulnerable-to-disinformation?pdf=46596

Turkmen Arxhaeology edit

  1. Ulug Depe - Span all.
  2. Jeitun
  3. Monjukli Depe - Horizon.
  4. Anau culture
  5. Namazga-Tepe
    1. Altyndepe
  6. Gonur Depe
  7. Togolok
  8. Yaz culture
  9. Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex

Photos edit

File:PIA rendezvous-edit.jpg

Add ones from Folder/99/Gilgit

Ghaznavi Hindu edit

https://www.jstor.org/stable/26426391 https://www.sudoc.fr/196080878

Somnath edit

Turkish History and Culture in India : Identity, Art and Transregional Connections

Diaspora/HAF edit

Shana L. Sippy's draft.

Balochistan/Kalat edit

Const. Assembly Pak edit

Dhananjoy Roy

Maudi Bhakesh Chanda

Harendra Kumar Sur

Punjab edit

Sindh edit

88 90 93 97
Jagdesh Lachman Das Lachman Das Bheru Lal
Deveen Kumar Humer Singh (!) Humer Singh (!) Humer Singh (!)
Mehro Mal Mehro Mal Mehro Mal Mehro Mal
Hari Ram Hari Ram Hari Ram Hari Ram
? Servanand Gian Chand Giyanoo Mal

Turkmen libraries, books, and scholarship edit

  • A search in English for book publishing in Turkmenistan conducted in East View’s CIS & Baltic Periodicals database on May 18, 2006 produced 52 hits, most of them not relevant to the topic discussed here. Of the first 20, which comprise the first page of hits in relevance-ranked order, 10 relate to publications by or about Niyazov and three announce books of Turkmen folk legends or proverbs. The most striking hit has this headline: “Turkmen President Sends his Book Rukhnama to Space.” A search in Russian produced considerably less. The most relevant article concerns Turkmenistan’s participation at the Leipzig Book Fair, where the “powerful process of national renaissance” since independence was showcased. No publishing statistics since independence in 1992 were found.

    This material strongly suggests that almost nothing of interest to a research library is being published in Turkmenistan.
    — Rondestvedt, Karen (2007-12-13). "Iltimos, bizga kitoblar yuboring! U.S. Libraries' Collecting Strategies for Central Asian Publications". Slavic & East European Information Resources. 8 (2–3): 31–47. doi:10.1300/J167v08n02_04. ISSN 1522-8886.

  • Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Modar, Turkmenistan - Take a look.

Ladakh / Brokpa edit

  • Bibliography – Northern Pakistan. Edited by Irmtraud Stellrecht. Pakistan-German Research Project. Culture Area Karakorum Scientific Studies. Vol. 1. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, 1998. 647 pp., map. 1
  • Read Dr. Grist's PhD thesis.
  • Sokefeld

Poland edit

  • Jan Żaryn

Brahui edit

  • M. Nicolson, A Compilation of Extracts Translated into the Biroohi Language, Karachi, 1877
  • M. Andronov, “A Lexico-Statistic Analysis of the Disintegration of Proto-Dravidian,” IIJ 7, 1964, pp. 170-86
  • M. Andronov, “Notes on Brahui,” Journal of Tamil Studies 1/2, 1969, pp. 1-6
  • C. E. Bosworth, “The Kūfichīs or Qufṣ in Persian History,” Iran 14, 1976, pp. 9-17.
  • D. Bray, “Brahui Tales,” Acta Orientalia 17, 1939, pp. 65-98
  • J. Elfenbein, “The Brahui Problem Again,” IIJ 25, 1983a, pp. 103-32
  • M. B. Emeneau, “Dravidian Comparative Phonol­ogy,” Annamalai University Publications of Linguis­tics, 1970

Maharasthra Puran edit

While Gangaram, at the outset, attributed the invasions to a divine premonition that asked of Shahoji to secure Bengali Hindus from the oppressive rule of Alivardi, a Muslim Nawab, he would later describe the Marathi invaders as particularly ruthless to Hindus!

Sources on Mormons, etc. edit

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