 | |
| Observation data | |
|---|---|
| Mean distance from Earth | 1.496×108 km 8 min 19 s at light speed |
| Visual brightness (V) | −26.74[1] |
| Absolute magnitude | 4.83[1] |
| Spectral classification | G2V |
| Metallicity | Z = 0.0122[2] |
| Angular size | 31.6–32.7′[3] |
| Adjectives | Solar |
| Orbital characteristics | |
| Mean distance from Milky Way core | ≈ 2.7×1017 km 27200 light-years |
| Galactic period | (2.25–2.50)×108 a (years) |
| Velocity | ≈ 220 km/s (orbit around the center of the Galaxy) ≈ 20 km/s (relative to average velocity of other stars in stellar neighborhood) ≈ 370 km/s[4] (relative to the cosmic microwave background) |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Equatorial radius | 696342±65 km[5] 109 × Earth[6] |
| Equatorial circumference | 4.379×106 km[6] 109 × Earth[6] |
| Flattening | 9×10−6 |
| Surface area | 6.09×1012 km2[6] 12000 × Earth[6] |
| Volume | 1.41×1018 km3[6] 1300000 × Earth |
| Mass | (1.98855±0.00025)×1030 kg[1] 333000 × Earth[1] |
| Average density | 1.408 g/cm3 1.408×103 kg/m3[1][6][7] 0.255 × Earth[1][6] |
| Center density (modeled) | 1.622×102 g/cm3 1.622×105 kg/m3[1] |
| Equatorial surface gravity | 274.0 m/s2[1] 27.94 g 27542.29 cgs 28 × Earth[6] |
| Escape velocity (from the surface) | 617.7 km/s[6] 55 × Earth[6] |
| Center Temperature (modeled) | 1.57×107 K[1] Photosphere (effective): 5778 K[1] Corona: ≈ 5×106 K |
| Luminosity (Lsol) | 3.846×1026 W[1] ≈ 3.75×1028 lm ≈ 98 lm/W efficacy |
| Mean radiance (Isol) | 2.009×107 W·m−2·sr−1 |
| Age | ≈4.6 billion years[8][9] |
| Rotation characteristics | |
| Obliquity | 7.25°[1] (to the ecliptic) 67.23° (to the galactic plane) |
| Right ascension of North pole[10] | 286.13° 19 h 4 min 30 s |
| Declination of North pole | +63.87° 63° 52' North |
| Sidereal rotation period (at equator) | 25.05 days[1] |
| (at 16° latitude) | 25.38 days[1] 25 d 9 h 7 min 12 s[10] |
| (at poles) | 34.4 days[1] |
| Rotation velocity (at equator) | 7.189×103 km/h[6] |
| Photospheric composition (by mass) | |
| Hydrogen | 73.46%[11] |
| Helium | 24.85% |
| Oxygen | 0.77% |
| Carbon | 0.29% |
| Iron | 0.16% |
| Neon | 0.12% |
| Nitrogen | 0.09% |
| Silicon | 0.07% |
| Magnesium | 0.05% |
| Sulfur | 0.04% |
Introduction edit
Name and etymology edit
Characteristics edit
Chemical composition edit
Solar cycles edit
Life phases edit
Sunlight edit
Motion and location edit
Theoretical problems edit
History of observation edit
Observation and effects edit
See also edit
Notes edit
References edit
Further reading edit
External links edit
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Williams, D. R. (1 July 2013). "Sun Fact Sheet". NASA. Retrieved 12 August 2013.
- ^ Asplund, M.; Grevesse, N.; Sauval, A. J. (2006). "The new solar abundances - Part I: the observations". Communications in Asteroseismology. 147: 76–79. Bibcode:2006CoAst.147...76A. doi:10.1553/cia147s76.
- ^ "Eclipse 99: Frequently Asked Questions". NASA. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
- ^ Hinshaw, G.; et al. (2009). "Five-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe observations: data processing, sky maps, and basic results". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 180 (2): 225–245. arXiv:0803.0732. Bibcode:2009ApJS..180..225H. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/180/2/225.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author2=(help) - ^ Emilio, M.; Kuhn, J. R.; Bush, R. I.; Scholl, I. F. (2012). "Measuring the Solar Radius from Space during the 2003 and 2006 Mercury Transits". The Astrophysical Journal. 750 (2): 135. arXiv:1203.4898. Bibcode:2012ApJ...750..135E. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/750/2/135.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Solar System Exploration: Planets: Sun: Facts & Figures". NASA. Archived from the original on 2 January 2008.
- ^ Ko, M. (1999). Elert, G. (ed.). "Density of the Sun". The Physics Factbook.
- ^ Bonanno, A.; Schlattl, H.; Paternò, L. (2008). "The age of the Sun and the relativistic corrections in the EOS". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 390 (3): 1115–1118. arXiv:astro-ph/0204331. Bibcode:2002A&A...390.1115B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020749.
- ^ Connelly, J. N.; Bizzarro, M.; Krot, A. N.; Nordlund, A.; Wielandt, D.; Ivanova, M. A. (2 November 2012). "The Absolute Chronology and Thermal Processing of Solids in the Solar Protoplanetary Disk". Science. 338 (6107): 651–655. doi:10.1126/science.1226919. PMID 23118187. Retrieved 17 March 2014.(registration required)
- ^ a b Seidelmann, P. K.; et al. (2000). "Report Of The IAU/IAG Working Group On Cartographic Coordinates And Rotational Elements Of The Planets And Satellites: 2000". Retrieved 22 March 2006.
{{cite web}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author2=(help) - ^ "The Sun's Vital Statistics". Stanford Solar Center. Retrieved 29 July 2008. Citing Eddy, J. (1979). A New Sun: The Solar Results From Skylab. NASA. p. 37. NASA SP-402.