User:Bolter21/sandbox

• User:Bolter21/Tel Aviv University Institute of Archaeology
• Oded Lipschits

The site was settled as early as the Early Bronze Age (3rd millennium BC). In the 2nd millennium BC it was a well-fortified Canaanite city in the Middle Bronze Age and later part of the New Kingdom of Egypt in the Late Bronze Age. The city was violently destroyed at the end of the 12th century BCE. It was rebuilt by the Kingdom of Judah in the 9th century BCE and was a major site that was violently destroyed during the campaign of the Assyrian king Sennacherib in 701 BCE.

Archeological Period	Architechtural remains	Historical references
Early Bronze Age II-III	Pottery, Donkey burial site
Intermediate Bronze Age
Middle Bronze Age
Late Bronze Age
Iron I
Iron II
Persian
Hellenistic
Roman
Byzantine
Early Arab
Ottoman

{| class="wikitable"

!Archeological Period !Stratum !Architechtural remains !Historical references |- |- |Chalcolithic

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| |- bgcolor="#fff2e6" |Early Bronze Age I |

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|displaced mudbricks (possibly) | |- |Early Bronze Age III

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|displaced mudbricks (possibly) | |- bgcolor="#ffd7b3" |Middle Bronze Age IIA |XXV (25th) |burial cave, mudbrick materal, ash (may indicate destruction of the settlement by fire) | |- bgcolor="#ffd7b3" |Middle Bronze Age IIA |XXIVb-a (24th) |city wall with glacis, dwelling | |- bgcolor="#ffd7b3" |Middle Bronze Age IIA/B |XXIIIb-a (23rd) |city wall with glacis, tower, tabun oven | |- |Middle Bronze Age IIB |XXII (22nd) |city wall (smaller than its predecessors) | |- |Middle Bronze Age IIC |XXI (21st) |retaining wall, dwelling, courtyard, tomb | |- |Middle Bronze Age IIC–Late Bronze Age I |XXb (20th) |retaining wall, large dwelling structure with burials under its floors, destruction layer | |- |Late Bronze Age I |XXa (20th) |retaining wall, large dwelling structure with burials under its floors, round "podium", tabun, destruction layer |Thutmose III conqeust of Canaan |- ! colspan="4" |Occupation gap |- bgcolor="#ffc999" |Late Bronze Age II |XIXb (19th) |residential quarters, courtyard, benches, installation, destruction layer |Amarna letters |- |Late Bronze Age II |XIXa (19th) |residential quarters, courtyard, destruction layer | |- ! colspan="4" |Occupation gap |- |Iron Age I |XVIII (18th) |dwellings | |- |Iron Age I |XVII (17th) |dwellings, metal industry, oil press, destruction layer | |- |Iron Age IIA |XVI (16th) |temporary settlement Bring information from stratigraphy chapter | |- |Iron Age IIA |XV (15th) |Bring information from stratigraphy chapter | |- |Iron Age IIA |XIV (14th) |casemate wall, dwellings, drainage channel, water system | |- ! colspan="4" |Occupation gap |- |Iron Age IIA-B transitional period |XIII (13th) | | |- |Iron Age IIB |XII (12th) |"gallery" wall, dwellings, drainage channel, water system, destruction layer |Neo-Assyrian Empire conquest of Israel under Tiglath-Pileser III (732 BCE) |- |Iron Age III |XI (11th) | | |- |Persian |X (10th) | | |- |Persian |IX (9th) | | |- |Persian |VIII (8th) | | |- |Hellenistic |VII (7th) | | |- |Roman |VI (6th) | | |- |Byzantine |V (5th) | | |- |Early Arab |IV (4th) | | |- |Crusader |III (3rd) | | |- |Mamluk |II (2nd) | | |- |Ottoman |I (1st) | | |}

Source	Ayn Jalud	Spring of Harod	Spring in Jezreel	Tabunia
Ishtori Haparchi (14th century)(Blumenfeld's 1957 edition)	למזרח יזרעאל ביושר כמרוצות הסוס הוא העין שחנו עליה ישראל במלחמת שאול האחרונה ויוצא מהרי מהרי הגלבוע מן הדרום וקורין לו "עין ג'ילות". ואומרים הישמעאלים כי שם היה מלחמת דוד עם גלית, והם טועים, כי לא היה אלא בארץ יהודה בין שוכה ובין עזקה "To East of Yizrael... is the spring upon which Israel camped during the last Saul War, and emerges from the Gilboa Mountains from the south and is called "'Ayn Jiluth". And the Ismaelites say the war of David with Goliath was there, and they are wrong, because it was in the Land of Judah between Sokho and Azekah."	Blumenfeld note (1957): לפי דעת התיירים החדשים העין הזה "עין החרוד" הנז' בשופטים ז' א' (הראמ"ל) "According to the opinion of the new tourists, this spring [is] "Ein Harod", mentioned in Judges 7:1"	"To East of Yizrael... is the spring upon which Israel camped during the last Saul War, and emerges from the Gilboa Mountains from the south and is called "'Ayn Jiluth"."	Mentions Tabunia as a different place.
Robinson and Smith, 1841	"It is difficult, at first, to see how this name should come to be found in this region ; but there would seem to have been an early legend that here was the scene of David's combat with Goliath. In connection with Stradela (Jezreel) the Itin. Hieros. has the following: "Ibi est campus, ubi David Goliat occibit ;" p.586, ed. Wessenling. But I find no other trace of this legend."	No mention	"There is every reason to regard this as the ancient fountain of Jezreel, where Saul and Jonathan pitched before their last fatal battle;..."	"...and where, too, in the days of the crusades, Saladin and the Christians successively encamped. At that time the Christians called it Tubania; but among the Araiis it already bore its present name.^ The presence of fish in the fountain probably gave rise to the story off its furnishing a miraculous supply for the whole Christian army during several days."
Guérin, 1868	"En continuant à nous avancer vers l'ouest, nous atteignons, à midi vingt minutes, l'A'ïn Djaloud, source très-abondante, à côté de laquelle nous faisons halte quelques instants."	"Cette source est, selon toute vraisemblance, l'E'n-Harod de la Bible, en hébreu עין חרוד, en grec [Greek letters], en lalin fons qui vocalur Harod, près de laquelle Gédéon campa avec son armée avant d'attaquer les Madianites."	"Elle est appelée dans ce verset source de Jezraël; en efl'et, elle coule à vingt-cinq minutes à l'est de cette ville. Néanmoins, je dois avouer qu'une autre source, appelée aujourd'hui A'ïn el-Maïlek, est plus rapprochée deZera'ïn, l'antique Jezraël; mais comme elle est beaucoup moins abondante que la précédente, j'inclinerais assez à penser que Saiil choisit de préférence le voisinage de celle-ci pour y asseoir son camp."	"A l'époque des croisades, Saladin lit dresser les tentes de son armée près de cette même fontaine, (jue Bohaeddin' désigne sous le nom d'A'ïn el-Djaloiit, nom, comme on le voit, identique à celui qu'elle porte encore aujourd'hui parmi les Arabes; les Francs la connaissaient sous la désignation de Tubania,"
Ridgeaway, 1876	"From Jezreel we descended along the north-west slope of Gilboa to 'Ain Jalud..."	"...known in the Bible as the Well of Harod, (Judges vii, I,)..."	"...and as the "fountain which is in Jezreel." I Sam. xxix, I."	No mention
Conder and Kitchener, 1882	"Dean Stanley, followed by Guerin, would put the Well of Harod at 'Ain Jalud, the story of Goliath (Jalud) having displaced in some way the recollection of the former name."	"Lieutenant Conder suggests 'Ain el Jemain for the Well of Harod. (Judges vii. i.) Dean Stanley, followed by Guerin, would put the Well of Harod at 'Ain Jalud, the story of Goliath (Jalud) having displaced in some way the recollection of the former name."	No mention
encyclopedia Biblica, Vol 2, 1903 p, 1294	...we should perhaps read ‘Spring of Harod’ (Tin for mn), the most probable site of which, ‘Ain Jalud, is nearly 10 m. NNE. from Jenin.	...we should perhaps read ‘Spring of Harod’ (Tin for mn), the most probable site of which, ‘Ain Jalud, is nearly 10 m. NNE. from Jenin.
Smith, 1920	"...tradition has rightly fixed on the third and largest, now called the 'Ain Jalud, as the well of Harod."	"tradition has rightly fixed on the third and largest, now called the 'Ain Jalud, as the well of Harod."	Doesn't identify "Spring in Jezreel" with Ayn Jalud/Ein Harod, but mentions Ayn Jalud with the description of the battle of Saul: "But they went round Jezreel, and attacked the promontory of the hill by the easier slopes and wadies to the south which lead up to open ground about the village of Nuris, and directly above the 'Ain Jalud"	No mention
Zev Vilensky, 1978	"According to an old tradition the battlefield of David the sheperd and Goliath the Philistine was also situated next to Ein Harod...called by the Arabs Ayn Jalut..."	"In the Valley of Jezreel there flows a spring which in biblical times was called Ein-Harod. The new village nearby bears its name."	No mention	No mention
Israel Finkelstein and Oded Lipschits, 2017	"Thus, there is no reason to identify the Spring of Harod in Ein Jalud."	"Thus, there is no reason to identify the Spring of Harod in Ein Jalud." "...placing the Spring of Harod in the area of Shechem seems reasonable. This was also the way that Josephus understood the story, in describing these events near the Jordan River"	No mention	No mention

(for details of the human remains, see Chapter 15)

Pottery figures referred to in this chapter appear at the end of Chapter 3

The Middle Bronze Age remains were found immediately on top of the bedrock on the northern slope (Area Al) and the western slope (Area A4) of Tel Yoqne'am. Though remains of the Middle Bronze Age were uncovered in both areas, the complete stratigraphie sequence, including the transition to the Late Bronze Age, was encountered only in Area Al. The earliest remains uncovered in Area Al, built directly on bedrock, are from the MB IIA. The stratigraphie sequence uncovered in Area Al includes five strata of the MB II, from the MB IIA to the MB IIC. As a result of the steep slope of the mound, the northern part of the excavated area has suffered extensive damage due to erosion, especially from Stratum XXIIIb onward.

In order to discover the earliest remains of the settlement

THE MIDDLE BRONZE AGE IIA STRATUM XXV: PRE-FORTIFICATION

The rather poor remains of this stratum consist mainly of a burial cave cut into the bedrock, with a plan that is unique in the period. The burial cave has several chambers, each with a bell-like contour and a rounded opening in the ceiling. In one of the chambers two niches were cut into the walls; the skeleton of a female was found in each of the niches. A fill encountered on top of the bedrock throughout the area, consisting of mud-brick material and large amounts of ash together with some pottery and bones, was attributed to Stratum XXV.

The following stratum (XXIVb) was constructed above this fill. If there were any architectural elements belonging to Stratum XXV (the contents of the fill hint at mud-brick construction and floors), they were perhaps destroyed by fire and leveled by the builders of the next stratum as a foundation fill for their settlement.

Iron Age IIA	X-IX
Iron Age IIA-B	VIII-VII
Iron Age IIC	VI-V
Iron Age IIC	IV
Iron Age IIC (Assyrian)	III
Persian	II
Hellenistic	I

Lists that need to be checked

• Eusebius
• Joshua's 31 cities
• Thutmose III's 119 cities
• Amarna letters

For new archaeological articles:

• Proper name + Arabic/historical names
• Historical record / background
• Significance
• Geography = measures, location, sources of water etc.
• Archaeology = when it was first settled? when was it abandoned? Chronology of its occupation
• Status today.

Eating habits

• Pottery
• Bones

Main sites in Israel and the area:

• Tyre, Lebanon
• Meiron
• Tel Hazor
• Capernaum
• Al-Shaykh Saad
• Tell Abu Hawam
• Khirbet Kerak
• Atlit
• Beit Shearim
• Nazareth
• Hamat Gader
• Nahal Me'arot Nature Reserve
• Tel Dor
• Tel Megiddo
• Caesarea Maritima
• Ti'inik
• Beit She'an
• Tirzah (ancient city)
• Jerash
• Samaria (ancient city)
• Tell Balata
• Deir Alla
• Tell Qasile
• Tel Afek
• Tel Shilo
• Beitin
• Et-Tell
• Amman
• Tell es-Sultan
• Tell en-Nasbeh
• Gezer
• Gibeah
• Teleilat al-Ghassul
• Beit Shemesh
• Qumran
• Madaba
• Ashkelon
• Bethlehem
• Maresha
• Beth-zur
• Tell el-Hesi
• Tall al-Ajjul
• Tel Lachish
• Dhiban, Jordan
• Tell Beit Mirsim
• Tell Jemmeh
• Sharuhen
• Bir Abu Matar
• Masada
• Bab edh-Dhra
• Al-Karak
• Mampsis
• Khirbet et-Tannur
• Shivta

Amateur's dictionary

• Sarcophagus (p. Sarcophagi) – Stone-box used for burial, decorated, usually displayed above ground. - קופסה מאבן המשמשת לקבורה, מאותרת, בדרך כלל מוצגת מעל לפני הקרקע.

survey - סקר excavation - חפירה ארכיאולוגית Shaft - פיר Capital - החלק העליון של עמוד תמך יווני/רומאי Mound - גבעה/הר עשוי מחומר שאינו אבן יסוד Tel - Artificial mound - הר/גבעה עשויים מפסולת אנושית (to) Span - להשתרע ridge - רכס dunam - 1000 square meteres - roughly a square of 33.3x33.3 acre - equivelent of 4 dunams slope - מדרון plateau - רמה terrace - טרסה structure - מבנה building - בניין house - בית dwelling - בית מגורים temple - מקדש ashlar - אבן גזית - אבן מסותת ומעובדת rock-hewn - חצוב בסלע furnace - כבשן altar - מזבח Pottery - חרס sherds - חרסים ware - כלים spur - שלוחה

Wadi Auja

Bonelli's eagle, Lanner falcon, Griffon vulture, Egyptian vulture, Horned owl and Long-legged buzzard. Asphodeline lutea, Iris atrofusca, Iris haynei, Tulipa agenensis and Sternbergia clusiana

Cities in Joshua

City	Verse	Identification
Jericho	9	Tell es-Sultan
Ai (Canaan)	9	Et-Tell, Khirbet al Maqatir, Khirbet Haijah
Jerusalem	10	City of David
Hebron	10	Tel Rumeida
Jarmuth	11	Tel Jarmuth
Lachish	11	Tel Lachish
Eglon, Canaan	12	Tell el-Hesi, Tel Eiton, Tell Beit Mirsim
Gezer	12	Abu Shusha
Dvir	13	Tell Beit Mirsim
Geder	13	Gerar?
Hormah	14
Arad	14	Tel Arad
Libnah	15
Adullam	15
Makeda	16
Beit El	16
Tapuah	17
Hefer	17
Afek	18
Sharon	18
Madon	19
Hazor	19	Tel Hazor
Marion	20
Achshaf	20	Tell Keisan? Tel Regev? Tell Harbaj? Tell an-Nakhl?
Taanach	21	Ti'inik
Megiddo	21	Tel Megiddo
Kedesh	22
Yokneam	22	Tel Yokneam
Dor	23	Tel Dor
Gilgal	23
Tirzah	24	Tell el-Far'ah (North)

Archaeologist Israel Finkelstein claims the city list in the Book of Joshua does not represent the Late Bronze Age reality.

Prehistory (1.5 mya - 3300 BCE)

Further information: Prehistory of the Levant

Bronze Age (3300 - 1200 BCE)

Further information: Canaan

Early Bronze Age (3300 - 2200 BCE)

Rise or urbanization in Canaan. Early cities. Trade relations. Mourtary practices

Intermediate Bronze Age (2200 - 2000 BCE)

Urban decline.

Middle Bronze Age (2000 - 1550 BCE)

Second urban outburst. Relations with Egypt, Cyprus and Mesopotamia. Mentions in texts. City states (Hazor, Megiddo etc.)

Late Bronze Age (1550 - 1200 BCE)

Hyksos, Egyptian rule, Canaanite city-states, religion and culture.

Amarna period (1350 - 1330 BCE)

Canaanite kings, wars, conspiracies, campaigns,

Late Bronze Age Collapse

Further information: Late Bronze Age collapse

Iron Age

Iron Age I (1200 - 1000 BCE)

Further information: israelites, Philistines, and Phoenicia

Early Israelites

Archaeological research of the Israelites and Judeans against the biblical period.

Philistines

Arrival of the Philistines and settlement. Philistines of the north.

Canaanites

Phoenicians and remaning Canaanite cities.

Iron Age II (1000 - 587 BCE)

Further information: History of ancient Israel and Judah

Kingdoms of Israel and Judah

Biblical narrative versus different opinions in archaeological research for the 10th century. Low chronology and Minimalist vs. Maximalist schools. 9th century dynesties, biblical narrative and mentiones from foreign sources. Recrods of religious and cultic practices - YHWH vs. Canaanite Gods. Relations of trade and wars with the Assyrians and the Arameans to the north, and the Egyptians to the south. Transjordanian kingdoms and Israelite population east of the Jordan.

Assyrian rule (732 - 628 BCE)

Assyrian conquest. Assyrian districts. Vassalization of the others. Assyrian constructions, outposts, administrative centers. Assyrian policies. Military campaigns.

Late Judah (628 - 587 BCE)

Judah under Zedekiah and Babylonian occupation

Iron Age III (587 - 538 BCE)

Babylonian rule.

Achaemenid rule (538 - 332 BCE)

Early Hellenistic period (332 - 175 BCE)

Late Hellenistic period (175 -

Early Roman period

Middle Roman period

Late Roman period

Byzantine period

Early Arab period

Further information: Jund Filastin

Crusader period

Further information: Kingdom of Jerusalem and Crusades