The Turonian is, in the ICS' geologic timescale, the second age in the Late Cretaceous Epoch, or a stage in the Upper Cretaceous Series. It spans the time between 93.9 ± 0.8 Ma and 89.8 ± 1 Ma (million years ago). The Turonian is preceded by the Cenomanian Stage and underlies the Coniacian Stage.[3]

Turonian
93.9 – 89.8 ± 0.3 Ma
Paleogeography of the late Turonian (90 Ma), showing the high sea level at the time
Chronology
Etymology
Name formalityFormal
Usage information
Celestial bodyEarth
Regional usageGlobal (ICS)
Time scale(s) usedICS Time Scale
Definition
Chronological unitAge
Stratigraphic unitStage
Time span formalityFormal
Lower boundary definitionFAD of the Ammonite Watinoceras devonense
Lower boundary GSSPRock Canyon, Colorado, USA
38°16′56″N 104°43′39″W / 38.2822°N 104.7275°W / 38.2822; -104.7275
Lower GSSP ratifiedSeptember 2003[2]
Upper boundary definitionNot formally defined
Upper boundary definition candidatesFAD of the Inoceramid Bivalve Cremnoceramus rotundatus
Upper boundary GSSP candidate section(s)

At the beginning of the Turonian an oceanic anoxic event (OAE 2) took place, also referred to as the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event or the "Bonarelli Event".[4] Sea level fall took place in the latter part of the Turonian from the highstand at the beginning of the Turonian.[5]

Stratigraphic definition

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Lithographic limestone from the Gerofit Formation (Turonian) north of Makhtesh Ramon, southern Israel; a variety of Jerusalem stone (meleke).

The Turonian (French: Turonien) was defined by the French paleontologist Alcide d'Orbigny (1802–1857) in 1842. Orbigny named it after the French city of Tours in the region of Touraine (department Indre-et-Loire), which is the original type locality.[citation needed]

The base of the Turonian Stage is defined as the place where the ammonite species Watinoceras devonense first appears in the stratigraphic column. The official reference profile (the GSSP) for the base of the Turonian is located in the Rock Canyon anticline near Pueblo, Colorado (United States, coordinates: 38° 16' 56" N, 104° 43' 39" W).[6]

The top of the Turonian Stage (the base of the Coniacian) is defined as the place in the stratigraphic column where the inoceramid bivalve species Cremnoceramus rotundatus first appears.

Subdivision

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The Turonian is sometimes subdivided in Lower/Early, Middle and Upper/Late substages or subages. In the Tethys domain, it contains the following ammonite biozones:

Other important index fossils are species of the inoceramid genus Inoceramus (I. schloenbachi, I. lamarcki and I. labiatus). Inoceramids are bivalve Mollusca related to today's mussels.[citation needed]

References

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  1. ^ International Commission on Stratigraphy. "ICS - Chart/Time Scale". www.stratigraphy.org.
  2. ^ Kennedy, W. J.; I. Walaszczyk; W. A. Cobban (2005). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point for the base of the Turonian Stage of the Cretaceous: Pueblo, Colorado, U.S.A." (PDF). Episodes. 28 (2): 93–104. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2005/v28i2/003 (inactive 6 December 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2024 (link)
  3. ^ See Gradstein et al. (2004) for a detailed description of the ICS' timescale
  4. ^ Cetean, Claudia G.; Balc, Ramona; Kaminski, Michael A.; Filipescu, Sorin (August 2008). "Biostratigraphy of the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary in the Eastern Carpathians (Dâmboviţa Valley): preliminary observations". Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai, Geologia. 53 (1): 11–23. doi:10.5038/1937-8602.53.1.2.
  5. ^ Wiese, Frank; Kröger, Björn (January 1998). "Evidence for a shallowing event in the Upper Turonian (Cretaceous) Mytiloides scupini Zone of northern Germany". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 48 (3): 265–284. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
  6. ^ The GSSP was established by Kennedy et al. (2005)

Literature

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  • Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G.; 2004: A Geologic Time Scale 2004, Cambridge University Press.
  • Kennedy, W.J.; Walaszczyk, I. & Cobban, W.A.; 2005: The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point for the base of the Turonian Stage of the Cretaceous: Pueblo, Colorado, U.S.A., Episodes 28(2): pp 93–104.
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