Trimeresurus popeiorum

Trimeresurus popeiorum
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Suborder:	Serpentes
Family:	Viperidae
Genus:	Trimeresurus
Species:	T. popeiorum
Binomial name
	Trimeresurus popeiorum; M.A. Smith, 1937
Synonyms
	Trimesurus elegans (part) ; — Gray, 1853; Trimeresurus gramineus (part) ; — C. Pope & S. Pope, 1933; Trimeresurus popeiorum [sic]; M.A. Smith, 1937; Trimeresurus popeorum [sic]; M.A. Smith, 1943; Trimeresurus popeorum ; — Taylor & Elbel, 1958; Trimeresurus popeorum popeorum ; — Regenass & Kramer, 1981; Trimeresurus popeorum popeorum ; — Golay et al., 1993; Popeia popeiorum ; — Malhotra & Thorpe, 2004; Trimeresurus popeiorum ; — David et al., 2009; Trimeresurus (Popeia) popeiorum ; — David et al., 2011;

Trimeresurus popeiorum is a species of venomous pit viper in the family Viperidae. The species is native to northern and northeastern parts of India and Southeast Asia.^[1]^[3] Common names include: Pope's pit viper, Pope's green pit viper, Pope's tree viper and Pope's bamboo pitviper.^[1]^[3]^[4]

Description edit

Trimeresurus popeiorum may grow to a total length of 770 mm (30 in), which includes a tail length 170 mm (6.7 in).^[5]

Above green, below pale green to whitish, the two separated by a bright bicolored orange or brown (below) and white (above) (males) or white (females) ventrolateral stripe, which occupies the whole of the outermost scale row and a portion of the second row.^[5]

Dorsal scales in 21 (rarely 23) longitudinal rows at midbody; 9–11 upper labials, first upper labials separated from nasals by a distinct suture; a single supraocular. Ventrals 155–169; subcaudals 52–76, in males the base of the tail enlarged to the level of subcaudals 20–25; hemipenes long and slender, smooth, without spines.^[5]

This species is most often confused with T. s. stejnegeri (q.v.); the two have quite distinct hemipenes, which does not make identification of individuals in the field or in the laboratory any easier without recourse to (a) male individuals and (b) an examination of the hemipenes. However, the two species are not known to have overlapping distributions, at least based on available materials. Also, closely allied to T. popeiorum is Trimeresurus yunnanensis (q.v.); ordinarily, the two are more easily told apart by the number of midbody dorsal scale rows, 21 in T. popeiorum, 19 in T. yunnanensis.^[5]

Adult male Pope's pit viper, Trimeresurus popeiorum

Adult male Trimeresurus popeiorum

Geographic range edit

Trimeresurus popeiorum is found in Northeastern India (Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Darjiling), northern Myanmar, Thailand, and Laos. It probably also occurs in Nepal and Yunnan (China), but there are no reliable records from those areas.^[1]

The type locality, designated by lectotype, is listed as "Khasi Hills, Assam" (India).^[2]

Taxonomy and etymology edit

The specific name, popeiorum (Latin, genitive, plural), is in honor of two American herpetologists, Clifford H. Pope and Sarah H. Pope, his wife.^[6]

There are differences in opinion as to the correct spelling of the specific epithet. The following is from David and Vogel (1996):^[3]^[7]

This species was named in honour to Clifford H. Pope and Sarah H. Pope. The original spelling of the specific epithet, popeiorum, was corrected into popeorum by Smith (1943:518) on the basis that it was indeed a clerical error. Unfortunately, according to the Art. 32 (c, ii) of the Code (ICZN, 1985), such a change does not fall into the category of a “correction of an incorrect original spelling." According to the Art. 33 (d), the use of a termination -orum in a subsequent spelling of a species-group name that is a genitive based upon a personal name in which the correct original spelling terminates with -iorum, is an incorrect subsequent spelling, even if the change is deliberate. The original spelling, popeiorum, must therefore be conserved.

Habitat edit

Trimeresurus popeiorum is found in forests of mountainous regions.^[8]

Behavior edit

Trimeresurus popeiorum is nocturnal and arboreal. If threatened, it will vibrate its tail.^[8]

Diet edit

Trimeresurus popeiorum preys upon frogs, lizards, birds, and rodents (especially rats and squirrels).^[8]

Reproduction edit

This species, T. popeiorum, is viviparous. In India, sexually mature females give birth in April and May, and the average clutch size is 10. The hatchlings are about 180 mm (7.1 in) long.^[8]

Venom edit

Trimeresurus popeiorum possesses a potent hemotoxic venom which is dangerous to humans.^[8]

References edit

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Wogan, G.; Chan-Ard, T. (2022) [amended version of 2012 assessment]. "Trimeresurus popeiorum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T192243A217770326. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T192243A217770326.en. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
^ ^a ^b McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré TA (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).^{[page needed]}
^ ^a ^b ^c Trimeresurus popeiorum at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 18 September 2022.
^ Gumprecht A, Tillack F, Orlov NL [fr], Captain A, Ryabov S (2004). Asian Pitvipers. First Edition. Berlin: Geitje Books. 368 pp. ISBN 3-937975-00-4.^{[page needed]}
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Leviton, Alan E.; Wogan, G.; Koo, M.; Zug, George R.; Lucas, R.; Vindum, J. (2003). "The dangerously venomous snakes of Myanmar. Illustrated key and checklist". Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. 54 (24): 407–462. hdl:10088/4542.
^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Trimeresurus popeiorum, p. 209).
^ David P, Vogel G (1996). The Snakes of Sumatra: An annotated checklist and key with natural history notes. Frankfurt am Main: Edition Chimaira. 259 pp. ISBN 3-930612-08-9.^{[page needed]}
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Tan, Choo; Tan, Kae; Ng, Tzu; Quah, Evan; Ismail, Ahmad; Khomvilai, Sumana; Sitprija, Visith; Tan, Nget (6 February 2019). "Venomics of Trimeresurus (Popeia) nebularis, the Cameron Highlands Pit Viper from Malaysia: Insights into Venom Proteome, Toxicity and Neutralization of Antivenom". Toxins. 11 (2): 95. doi:10.3390/toxins11020095. OCLC 8080820858. PMC 6410072. PMID 30736335.