Prehistoric times

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  • 5-2 million years ago: Hominids shift away from the consumption of nuts and berries to begin the consumption of meat.[1][2]
 
A hearth with cooking utensils
  • 2.5-1.8 million years ago: The discovery of the use of fire may have created a sense of sharing as a group. Earliest estimate for invention of cooking, by phylogenetic analysis.[3]
  • 250,000 years ago: Hearths appear, accepted archeological estimate for invention of cooking chicken.[4]
  • 170,000 years ago: Cooked starchy roots and tubers in Africa[5][6]
  • 40,000 years ago: First evidence of human fish consumption: isotopic analysis of the skeletal remains of Tianyuan man, a modern human from eastern Asia, has shown that he regularly consumed freshwater fish.[7][8]
  • 30,000 years ago: Earliest archaeological evidence for flour, which was likely processed into an unleavened bread, dates to the Upper Palaeolithic in Europe.[9]
  • 25,000 years ago: The fish-gorge, a kind of fish hook, appears.[10]
  • 13,000 BCE: Contentious evidence of oldest domesticated rice in Korea.[11] Their 15,000-year age challenges the accepted view that rice cultivation originated in China about 12,000 years ago.[11] These findings were received by academia with strong skepticism,[12] and the results and their publicizing has been cited as being driven by a combination of nationalist and regional interests.[13]
  • 12,500 BCE: The oldest evidence of bread-making, found in a Natufian site in Jordan's northeastern desert.[14][15]
  • 11,500 - 6200 BCE: Genetic evidence published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) shows that all forms of Asian rice, both indica and japonica, spring from a single domestication that occurred 8,200–13,500 years ago in China of the wild rice Oryza rufipogon.[16]

Neolithic

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Fresh figs cut open showing the flesh and seeds inside

4000-2000 BCE

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Ripening olives
 
Modern aquaculture
  • Earliest archaeological evidence for leavened bread is from ancient Egypt. The extent to which bread was leavened in ancient Egypt remains uncertain.[31]
  • 4500-3500 BCE: Earliest clear evidence of olive domestication and olive oil extraction[32]
  • ~4000 BCE: Watermelon, originally domesticated in central Africa, becomes an important crop in northern Africa and southwestern Asia.[33]
  • ~4000 BCE: Agriculture reaches north-eastern Europe.
  • ~4000 BCE: Dairy is documented in the grasslands of the Sahara.[34]
  • 4000 BCE: Citron seeds in Mesopotamian excavations.[35]
  • ~3900 BCE: In Mesopotamia (Ancient Iraq), early evidence of beer is a Sumerian poem honoring Ninkasi, the patron goddess of brewing, which contains the oldest surviving beer recipe, describing the production of beer from barley via bread.[36]
  • ~3600 BCE: Date of the oldest definitive known evidence for popcorn, discovered in New Mexico, United States. It is attributed to the Ancestral Puebloan peoples, who maintained trade networks with peoples in tropical Mexico.[37][38]
  • ~3500 BCE: Beer produced in what is today Iran.
  • ~3500 BCE: Aquaculture starts in China with the farming of the common carp.[39]
  • ~3500-3000 BCE: Several breeds of sheep were established in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt[23]: 3 
  • ~3000 BCE: Palm oil found in a tomb in Abydos.[40]
  • ~3000 BCE: Grape cultivation for wine had spread to the Fertile Crescent, the Jordan Valley and Egypt.[27]
  • ~3000 BCE: Sunflowers are first cultivated in North America.[17]
  • ~3000 BCE: South America's Andes region cultivates potato.[17]
  • ~3000 BCE: Archaeological evidence of watermelon cultivation in ancient Egypt. Watermelons appeared on wall paintings; seeds and leaves were deposited in tombs.[33]
  • ~3000 BCE: Beer was spread through Europe by Germanic and Celtic tribes[41]
  • ~3000 BCE: Two alabaster jars found at Saqqara, dating from the First Dynasty of Egypt, contained cheese.[42] These were placed in the tomb about 3000 BC.[43]
  • ~2500 BCE: Domestic pigs, which are descended from wild boars, are known to have existed about 2500 BC in modern-day Hungary and in Troy; earlier pottery from Jericho and Egypt depicts wild pigs.[23]: 8 
  • ~2500 BCE: Pearl millet was domesticated in the Sahel region of West Africa, evidence for the cultivation of pearl millet in Mali.[44]
  • 2500-1500 BCE: Time range of several sites with archaeological evidence of potato being consumed and cultivated in the South American continent.[20]
  • 2000-1500 BCE: Rice cultivation in the upper and middle Ganges begins.[25]
  • ~2000 BCE: Visual evidence of Egyptian cheesemaking found in Egyptian tomb murals.[45]

2000-1 BCE

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1-1000

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Pretzel depicted at a banquet of Queen Esther and King Ahasuerus. 12th century Hortus deliciarum.
  • 5th century: The Roman cuisine cookbook Apicius, or De re coquinaria is published.[53]
  • 610: Possible invention of the pretzel. According to some narratives in 610 AD "... [a]n Italian monk invents pretzels as a reward to children who learn their prayers. He calls the strips of baked dough, folded to resemble arms crossing the chest, 'pretiola' ('little reward[s]')".[54][55][56][57][58]
  • 8th century: The original type of sushi, known today as narezushi (馴れ寿司, 熟寿司), first developed in Southeast Asia and spread to south China, is introduced to Japan.[59][60]
  • 8th century: Chronicles from monasteries mention Roquefort being transported across the Alps[61]
  • 9th century: First record of cucumbers cultivation in France[33]
  • ~800: Cod becomes an important economic commodity in international markets. This market has lasted for more than 1,000 years, enduring the Black Death, wars and other crises, and is still an important Norwegian fish trade.[62]
  • ~800: By this date, watermelon reaches India.[33]
  • 822: First mention of hops added to beer, by the Carolingian Abbot Adalard of Corbie[63]
  • 879: Gorgonzola cheese is mentioned for the first time.[61]
  • 961: Watermelons, introduced by the Moorish, reported to be cultivated in Cordoba, Spain.[33]
  • 997: The term "pizza" first appears "in a Latin text from the southern Italian town of Gaeta [...], which claims that a tenant of certain property is to give the bishop of Gaeta 'duodecim pizze' ['twelve pizzas'] every Christmas Day, and another twelve every Easter Sunday".[64][65]

1000-1500

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Bog butter from A Descriptive Catalogue of the Antiquities in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy, 1857

16th century

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17th century

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18th century

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An examen chimique du pommes de terre ("A chemistry exam of the potatoes") by Antoine-Augustin Parmentier promoted the introduction of potatoes to France.

19th century

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Portrait of Edmond Albius, circa 1863. In 1841, Albius discovered that vanilla could be hand-pollinated, jumpstarting its global cultivation.

20th century

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21st century

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See also

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References

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Further reading

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