Wikipedia

Temple garment

A temple garment, also referred to as garments, the garment of the holy priesthood,[2][3][4] or Mormon underwear,[5] is a type of underwear worn by adherents of the Latter Day Saint movement after they have taken part in the endowment ceremony. Garments are required for any individual who previously participated in the endowment ceremony to enter a temple.[6] The undergarments are viewed as a symbolic reminder of the covenants made in temple ceremonies and are seen as a symbolic and/or literal source of protection from the evils of the world.[7]

Post-1979 two-piece temple garments end just above the knee for both sexes. Women's garments have cap sleeves with either a rounded or sweetheart neckline. Male tops are available in T-shirt styles.[1]

The garment is given as part of the washing and anointing portion of the endowment. Today, the temple garment is worn primarily by members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and by members of some Mormon fundamentalist churches.[8][9] Adherents consider them to be sacred and not suitable for public display. Anti-Mormon activists have occasionally publicly displayed or defaced temple garments to express their opposition to the LDS Church.[10]

Purpose edit

According to the LDS Church, the temple garments serve a number of purposes. First, the garment provides the member "a constant reminder" of the covenants they made in the temple. Second, the garment "when properly worn ... provides protection against temptation and evil." Wearing the garment is also "an outward expression of an inward commitment" to follow Jesus Christ.[11] General authority Carlos E. Asay adds that the garment "strengthens the wearer to resist temptation, fend off evil influences, and stand firmly for the right."[2]

The nature of the protection believed to be afforded by temple garments is ambiguous and varies between adherents.[12] Researchers who interviewed a sample of Latter-day Saints who wear the temple garment reported that virtually all wearers expressed a belief that wearing the garment provided "spiritual protection" and encouraged them to keep their covenants.[12] Some of those interviewed "asserted that the garment also provided physical protection, while others seemed less certain of any physical aspect to protection."[12] In Mormon folklore, tales are told of Latter-day Saints who credit their temple garments with helping them survive car wrecks, fires, and natural disasters.[5]

In 2014, the LDS Church released an explanatory video online that showed photographs of both temple garments and the outer clothing used in temple worship. The video states that there "is nothing magical or mystical about temple garments."[13]

Sanctity among members edit

To members of the LDS Church, the temple garment represents the sacred and personal aspects of their relationship with God. Church president Joseph F. Smith taught that the garment was to be held as "the most sacred of all things in the world, next to their own virtue, next to their own purity of life."[14] For this reason, most church members feel uncomfortable discussing the garment in a casual or disrespectful manner.[15] Some church leaders have compared the garment to the clerical vestments worn by clergy of other churches.[2][16] Church leaders have publicly discussed the above principles and beliefs in general terms since the mid-1840s.[citation needed] Many Latter-day Saints view the garment associated with the temple rites as sacred. Some church members have criticized the sale of garments on online auction sites.[17]

Garment origins and evolution edit

 
Temple garment circa 1879 (GSR 1879)

The garment as first described in the 1840s was a one-piece undergarment extending to the ankles and the wrists, resembling a union suit,[18] with an open crotch and a collar. It was made of unbleached cotton and was held together with ties in a double knot. Most garments were home-made.

Garment markings edit

The original garment had four marks that were snipped into the cloth as part of the original Nauvoo endowment ceremony.[19] These marks were a reverse-L-shaped symbol on the right breast, a V-shaped symbol on the left breast, and horizontal marks at the navel and over the right knee. These cuts were later replaced by embroidered or screen-printed symbols.

The marks in the garments are sacred symbols.[20] Thus, the V-shaped symbol on the left breast was referred to as "The Compasses", while the reverse-L-shaped symbol on the right breast was referred to by early church leaders as "The Square".[21]

According to a description by church president John Taylor in 1883, the "Square" represents "the justice and fairness of our Heavenly Father, that we will receive all the good that is coming to us or all that we earn, on a square deal", and the "Compasses" represents "the North Star".[21] In addition to the Square and Compasses, Taylor described the other symbols as follows: the collar represented the idea that the Lord's "yoke is easy and [his] burden is light", or the "Crown of the Priesthood"; the double-knotted strings represented "the Trinity" and "the marriage covenant"; the navel mark represents "strength in the navel and marrow in the bones"; and the knee mark represents "that every knee shall bow and every tongue confess that Jesus is the Christ".[21]

In 1926, LDS Church apostle David O. McKay offered an updated description that was later incorporated into the church's endowment ceremony.[22] According to McKay's explanation, the "mark of the Compass" represents "an undeviating course leading to eternal life; a constant reminder that desires, appetites, and passions are to be kept within the bounds the Lord has set; and that all truth may be circumscribed into one great whole"; the "mark of the Square" represents "exactness and honor" in keeping the commandments and covenants of God; the navel mark represents "the need of constant nourishment to body and spirit"; and the "knee mark" represents "that every knee shall bow and every tongue shall confess that Jesus is the Christ".[22] Unlike Taylor, McKay did not describe the symbolism of the collar or the tie-strings because those elements of the garment had been eliminated in 1922.[23]

Garment color edit

In 1893, the church expressed an official preference for white garments,[24] which has since become the standard color, with the exception of military garments. Members of the military can submit regulation military T-shirts of any color to the church for custom addition of the symbolic markings.[25] While sand-colored or "coyote tan" garments were once available, the church's preferred supplier no longer manufactures them.[26]

Design edit

For several decades after its introduction in the 1840s, the original 19th-century union-suit style was accepted within Mormon doctrine as being unalterable. In 1906, church president Joseph F. Smith characterized as a "grievous sin" any attempt, in the name of changing fashion trends, to modify the 1840s garment pattern, which he characterized as "sacred, unchanged, and unaltered from the very pattern in which God gave them."[14] However, while the original pattern of the garment is still in use by some Mormon fundamentalists, the LDS Church has updated the original pattern, which the fundamentalists denounce.[8][9]

In 1923, a letter from church president Heber J. Grant to stake and temple presidents, stated that after careful and prayerful consideration the First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of the LDS Church had unanimously decided that specific modifications would be permitted to the garments: sleeves could end at the elbow; legs could be shortened to just below the knee; and buttons could be used instead of strings. The collar was eliminated and the open crotch closed.[27] Other changes were made after 1923 which shortened the sleeves and legs further and eliminated buttons.

In the 1930s, the LDS Church built Beehive Clothing Mills, which was responsible for manufacturing and selling garments. This led to a more standardized design. During this time women's garments were one-piece designs that ended just above the knees and had a cap sleeve. In the 1970s, the first two-piece garment became available and Mormons generally accepted the change.[28] Today, garments are made in both styles with a variety of different fabrics. Feminine styles are sold with either a rounded or a sweetheart neckline with cap sleeves, with sweetheart necklines usually following the line of the bra. There are also two styles of necklines for men.

Endowed church members can purchase garments through church distribution centers worldwide, through the mail, and online. They are sold at a moderate price that is assumed to be near cost.[1] To purchase temple garments, members must have received their temple endowment.[29] To purchase garments online, they must provide their membership record number.[30] Endowed members can find their membership record number on their temple recommend or by obtaining a copy of their Individual Ordinance Summary.[30]

As late as 1977, church members were instructed they could make their own garments with the approval of their local leaders.[31] As of 2010, the official documentation of church institutional policies known as Handbook 2: Administering the Church states that, of both garments and temple clothing in general, only temple aprons may be hand made, and only then using "the approved apron embroidery and sewing kit that is available through Church Distribution Services."[32]

LDS Church teachings edit

In the church's General Handbook, leaders are instructed to tell members they should wear garments throughout their lives, and that they should not alter them. In the temple recommend interview, members are asked if they wear the garment as instructed in the temple. Members are told that they should not partially or completely remove any portion of the garment to participate in activities that can "reasonably be done with the garment worn properly beneath the clothing".

Garment wearers are also instructed that they should not adjust garments or wear them in a way that would accommodate the wearing certain styles of clothing. This includes uncovering areas of the body that would normally be covered by the garment, such as the shoulders and lower thighs. Prior to the disposal of old garments, members are instructed to cut out the markings on them.[5]

Biblical references and LDS scholarship edit

The temple garment is usually identified by Mormon scholars with the sacred "linen breeches" (michnasayim/mikhnesei bahd) and the "coat of linen" (kuttoneth) that ancient Israelite priests were commanded to wear, as referenced in Exodus 28:39-43.[33] The michnasayim were undergarments that reached from the hips to the thighs and served the purpose of hiding the wearer's "nakedness" and maintaining modesty.[citation needed] These garments symbolized the abolition of the distinction between the heavenly and mortal part of man, and, like the LDS temple garment, were worn by the Israelite priest even when he was not actually officiating in the temple.[34] The kuttoneth was probably a white, tight-fitting, shirt-like undergarment worn in conjunction with the michnasayim. According to the Talmud, worn-out undergarments and priestly sashes were burned, being used as torch wicks in the temple.[35]

Additionally, the temple garment has been compared to the modern tallit katan, a sacred undershirt of Orthodox and ultra-Orthodox Judaism. Both the temple garment and the tallit katan are meant to be worn all day under regular clothing as a constant reminder of the covenants, promises, and obligations the wearer is under.[36]

Use in protests edit

Some church opponents have used public occasions, like the biannual church conferences, to publicly mock and parody the wearing of temple garments.[5] During the October 2003 LDS Church General Conference, some anti-Mormon demonstrators outside the LDS Conference Center reportedly spat and stomped on garments in view of those attending the conference. One protester blew his nose into a garment he wore around his neck.[37] A scuffle broke out between a protester and two members of the church who attempted to take the garments from him.[38] To avoid a repeat of the conflict, the municipality of Salt Lake City planned new protest buffer zones for the April 2004 conference in Salt Lake City.[39]

See also edit

References edit

Notes

  1. ^ a b Hamilton & Hawley 1999, p. 44.
  2. ^ a b c Asay 1997
  3. ^ F. David Stanley (June 2000). "The Most Important Step". New Era. Retrieved 2015-03-04.
  4. ^ "Lesson 6: Preparing to Enter the Holy Temple". Endowed from on High: Temple Preparation Seminar Teacher's Manual. LDS Church. 2003. p. 27. Retrieved 2015-03-04.
  5. ^ a b c d Stuever 2002
  6. ^ Marshall 1992
  7. ^ Koch & Weis 1999, p. 35
  8. ^ a b Ken Driggs (2011). "Twenty Years of Observations about the Fundamentalist Polygamists". In Cardell Jacobson; Lara Burton (eds.). Modern Polygamy in the United States: Historical, Cultural, and Legal Issues. Oxford University Press. pp. 80–81. ISBN 978-0199831326. Retrieved 2015-03-04.
  9. ^ a b Janet Bennion (2012). Polygamy in Primetime: Media, Gender, and Politics in Mormon Fundamentalism. University Press of New England. pp. 58, 124. ISBN 9781611682960. Retrieved 2015-03-04.
  10. ^ Moore 2003
  11. ^ LDS Church 2010a (Handbook 1 § 3.4).
  12. ^ a b c Hamilton & Hawley 1999, p. 49
  13. ^ Stack, Peggy Fletcher (October 20, 2014). "Church posts pictures, video explaining Mormon 'garments'". The Salt Lake Tribune. Archived from the original on October 21, 2014.
  14. ^ a b Smith 1906, p. 813.
  15. ^ "Balancing Interest and Good Taste", mormonnewsroom.org, LDS Church, 24 April 2007, retrieved 2014-10-20
  16. ^ Packer 2002.
  17. ^ Stack & Mims 2004.
  18. ^ Note that the union suit postdates the temple garment by at least two decades, as the first union suit was patented in the United States in 1868. The union suit originated during the 19th-century women's clothing reform, and soon gained popularity among men as well. See: "Reforming Fashion, 1850–1914", The Historic Costume Collection, Ohio State University, 14 April 2000, retrieved 2014-07-07
  19. ^ Buerger 1987, p. 56; Beadle 1870, p. 497; Bennett 1842, pp. 247–48.
  20. ^ Buerger 2002, p. 58.
  21. ^ a b c Buerger 2002, p. 145.
  22. ^ a b Buerger 2002, p. 153.
  23. ^ Buerger 2002, p. 138.
  24. ^ Shaun Cole (8 May 2012). The Story of Men's Underwear. Parkstone International. ISBN 9781780428826. Retrieved 2016-01-07.
  25. ^ "Resources for Military Members: Military Garments for Endowed Members". LDS.org. Serving in the Church: Military Relations. LDS Church. Archived from the original on 2014-05-01. Retrieved 2015-03-04.
  26. ^ "Uniform Temple Garments". churchofjesuschrist.org. 14 December 2023. Archived from the original on 31 March 2024. Retrieved 31 March 2024. Please note that Beehive Clothing no longer manufactures coyote tan colored garments.
  27. ^ Buerger 2002, p. 138
  28. ^ Hamilton & Hawley 1999, p. 44
  29. ^ "Store Help". LDS Church. Archived from the original on 26 April 2011. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
  30. ^ a b "LDS Membership Info". Retrieved 30 September 2011.
  31. ^ Barbara B. Smith (March 1977), "Q&A: Questions and Answers: 'Where do I go to obtain or ask about the special clothing worn in the temple?'", New Era, retrieved 23 February 2015, Answers are for help and perspective, not as pronouncements of Church doctrine
  32. ^ LDS Church 2010b (Handbook 2).
  33. ^ Gaskill, Alonzo L. “Clothed in Holy Garments: The Apparel of the Temple Officiants of Ancient Israel: Religious Studies Center.” Clothed in Holy Garments: The Apparel of the Temple Officiants of Ancient Israel | Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, rsc.byu.edu/ascending-mountain-lord/clothed-holy-garments-apparel-temple-officiants-ancient-israel.
  34. ^ "Michnasayim (Pants)".
  35. ^ The Talmud of the land of Israel: an academic commentary Volume 6 Jacob Neusner - 1998 "5:3 [A] Out of the worn-out undergarments and girdles of the priests they made wicks, [B] and with them they lit the ... [1:1 A] It has been taught: Out of the worn-out undergarments of the high priest they kindled the lamps that were"
  36. ^ https://irstudies.org/index.php/jirs/article/download/167/375 [bare URL PDF]
  37. ^ "Garments and Temple Clothing". ldsendowment.org. The LDS Endowment. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
  38. ^ Moore 2003.
  39. ^ Piatt 2004.

Bibliography

External links edit

 
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