Tanks of the Ukrainian Army

Tanks of the Ukrainian Army have been used within the military, with their usage and origin after the Cold War; and the modern era.[1] This includes tanks manufactured in Ukraine, leftover Soviet tanks in the Ukrainian Ground Forces today as well as designs imported from other countries and tanks captured in the Russo-Ukrainian War.[2]

Tanks of the Ukrainian Army
A T-84U in 2018
TypeMain battle tank
Place of originUkraine

History edit

Prior to the October Revolution of 1917, independent armed forces in Ukraine existed and had distinct organisation and uniforms in both the First World War and the Second World War. These armed forces, and the independent Ukrainian homeland for which they fought, were eventually incorporated into the neighboring states of Poland, Soviet Union, Hungary, Romania and Czechoslovakia.[3]

Collapse of the USSR edit

Upon their establishment in 1991, the Armed Forces of Ukraine was left with its tank forces intact which included approximately 7,000 armored vehicles, 6,500 tanks, and 2,500 tactical nuclear missiles. Following the declaration of Ukrainian independence in 1991, Ukraine inherited the 1st Guards Army, 13th Army, 38th Army, two tank armies (the 6th Guards Tank Army and the 8th Tank Army), and the 32nd Army Corps at Simferopol. The 28th Guards Motor Rifle Division and the 180th Rifle Division were left in Ukraine, having been previously under the 14th Guards Army headquartered at Tiraspol in the Moldovan SSR.[4]

Sources of tanks for Ukrainian ground forces edit

 
Ukrainian T-64BM Bulat

In the early 1960's, Ukraine developed and built the T-64 tank which is the most numerous tank Ukraine has today and was manufactured in Kharkiv, and designed by the KhMDB. It was a more advanced counterpart to the T-62 with heavier armor and replaced the smaller-diameter guns on the T-54/55/62 line with a new smoothbore 125-millimeter gun. It also introduced a number of advanced features including composite armour, a compact engine and transmission, and its 125-mm gun was equipped with an autoloader to allow the crew to be reduced to three so the tank could be smaller and lighter. In spite of being armed and armoured like a heavy tank, the T-64 weighed only 38 tonnes (42 short tons; 37 long tons). The 700-horsepower diesel engine with a more compact transmission replaced the bigger but less powerful powertrains on older tank types.

These features made the T-64 expensive to build, significantly more so than previous generations of Soviet tanks. This was especially true of the powerpack, which was time-consuming to build and cost twice as much as more conventional designs. Several proposals were made to improve the T-64 with new engines, but chief designer Alexander Alexandrovich Morozov's political power in Moscow kept the design in production in spite of any concerns about price.[citation needed] The result was a fast, heavily-armed and thickly-armored tank that, on paper, at least matched contemporary Western tanks. Ukraine also had T80 tanks which it captured, and also had the Ukrainian T-80UD diesel engine variant produced in Ukraine. The T-80 variant was sold to many countries, and Ukraine further developed the T-80UD as the T-84.

 
Ukrainian T-84 Oplat

From 1991 the Ukrainian Ground Forces bought its military equipment only from Russia and other CIS states, as well as locally producing some of their own equipment.[5][6] Until 2014 and the start of the war in Donbas, the defence industry in Ukraine produced equipment mostly for export.[7][5] The Kharkiv Morozov Machine Building Design Bureau abbreviated KMDB, a Ukrainian state-owned company in Kharkiv, Ukraine, designed armoured vehicles, including the T-80UD and T-84 main battle tanks. The T-84 entered service with the Military of Ukraine in 1999, and the more advanced Oplot version in 2001. The T-84-120 and Yatagan has been developed employing an auto-loaded 120mm tank gun which fires NATO ammunition as well as ATGMs.

Ukraine received a number of PT91 Twardy in 2022, a Polish main battle tank based on T-72M1 that developed sometime between the late 1980s and early 1990s. These PT91 Twardy had a new digital fire-control system, newly developed ERA and an uprated powerplant and had the Soviet-made Volna fire control system replaced by the Czechoslovak-made Kladivo FCS or by the Polish SKO-1 Mérida, which was originally designed for T-55AM "Merida", and is equipped with a Wola 850-horsepower diesel engine. Besides the new FCS, the Radomka passive night vision devices were installed in the driver's compartment, as was the Liswarta night sight, Obra laser illumination warning system, Tellur anti-laser smoke grenade launchers, solid or modular metal side skirts and the Polish-developed Erawa-1 or Erawa-2 explosive reactive armour was also fitted on the PT91 Twardy. Poland is said to have sent Ukraine some 232 T-72 tanks in its fight against the Russian invasion.[8][9]

 
Ukrainian T-72 during training, 2018.

On 20 January 2023 the Netherlands offered F-16s[10][11] as well as Leopard 2s.[12] The offers are conditional on mutual agreement by multiple nations; Germany will not block the export of Leopard 2s (by Poland, Finland, Denmark, to Ukraine. Poland has requested approval to export Leopard 2s to Ukraine.[13] On 25 January 2023 the US agreed to send tanks to Ukraine under the auspices of the Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative (USAI) in a $400 million package; 31 M1 Abrams tanks (an entire Ukraine tank battalion),[14] and 8 M88 Recovery Vehicles (for rescuing mired tanks)[15] will not arrive in Ukraine for months.[16][17][18][19][a] Germany has also agreed to send over a dozen Leopard 2s to Ukraine, and will support the donation with ammunition and training in Germany. Germany has agreed to approve the reexport of Leopard 2s from other nations to Ukraine.[23][24][25] The goal is to send 80 Leopard 2s to Ukraine.[26] By 25 January 2023 the list of nations willing to send tanks to Ukraine had grown (UK—14 Challenger 2s, US—31 Abrams M1A2,[27] Canada—8 Leopard 2s,[28] Germany— 112 Leopard 1s (eventually 2 battalions (some 88 tanks) plus 14 2A4s immediately),[29] Poland—14 Leopard 2A4s, Finland—14 Leopard 2 A4/A6s, Denmark—6 Leopard 2A5/A7s, Netherlands—18 Leopard 2A4s, Norway—8 Leopard 2A4s, Portugal—4 Leopard 2A4s, and Spain— 20-53 Leopard 2A4s (20 are in good condition, the remainder need repair) respectively).[30][31] On 23 February Finland announced its contribution will include 3 pieces of Leopard 2 mine clearing tanks built in Leopard 2A4 platform.[32] A day later, on 24 February 2023, Swedens Minister of Defence Pål Jonson announced the donation of 10 Stridsvagn 122 based on the Leopard 2A5 tanks,[33] to Ukraine, along with CV90 infantry fighting vehicles.[34]

On 7 February 2023 the European community determined that industrial manufacturers hold 178 Leopard 1 tanks which could be refurbished and provided to Ukraine,[35] with 20-25 Leopard 1A5 tanks available in the upcoming months of 2023. The remainder could be delivered in 2024, assuming that Germany, the Netherlands, and Denmark fund them.

In total, as of January 2023, Western countries have promised to deliver more than 300 tanks to Ukraine, including Leopard 2, Challenger 2, and M1 Abrams tanks.

Russian occupation of Crimea edit

In the aftermath of the 2014 Ukrainian Revolution, Russian special forces in unmarked uniforms began surrounding Ukrainian military bases on the Crimean peninsula before capturing them individually using a mixture of attrition and threats.[36] Over the following weeks the Russian Armed Forces consolidated control of the peninsula and established road blocks to cut off the possibility of Ukraine sending reinforcements from the mainland.[37] The takeover of Crimea was largely bloodless, as the Ukrainian soldiers didn't retaliate.[38] By the end of March, all remaining Ukrainian troops were ordered to pull out of Crimea.[39] Despite their Russian weapons and equipment, Russia denied involvement, but two months later, Vladimir Putin, declared Crimea was now part of Russia. It marked the start of the Russian-Ukrainian War.

Russian-Ukrainian War edit

War in Donbas (2014–2022) edit

After the Russian takeover of Crimea, the same tactic was used in the Donbas and Ukraine resisted, leading to open warfare. In the early months of the war in Donbas that erupted in 2014 the Armed Forces were widely criticised for their poor equipment and inept leadership, forcing Internal Affairs Ministry forces like the National Guard and the territorial defence battalions to take on the brunt of the fighting in the first months of the war.[40][41]

By February 2018 the Ukrainian armed forces were larger and better equipped, numbering 200,000 active-service military personnel. Most of the volunteer soldiers of the territorial defence battalions were integrated into the official Ukrainian army.[42] Ukraine used mainly Russian or Warsaw Pact designed tanks prior to the invasion, with over 800-900 tanks in service at the beginning of the war. There were some models it had made in its factories, but because of the need on the economic side, some were sold for export. It had mainly T-84BM/U Oplot, T-80BV, a T-64BM with an estimated 800 active T-64 tanks, and a large number of T72 variants, but 700 were sold to third world countries.[43] The most notable Ukrainian tank was the T-64 main battle tank which was designed and produced in Ukraine and was modernized as the T064BM Bulat and considered technologically superior to the Russian counterparts.

Full-scale Russian invasion edit

On 24 February 2022, Russia began a full-scale invasion of Ukraine.[44] The invasion began on 24 February 2022, launched out of Belarus to target Kyiv, and from the northeast against the city of Kharkiv. The southeastern front was conducted as two separate spearheads, from Crimea and the southeast against Luhansk and Donetsk. The Ukrainian tank battle at Chernihiv by the 1st Tank Brigade’s T-64B and T-64BM tanks against the Russian 41st Combined Arms Army with its 20,000 troops and hundreds of T-72 tanks in defense of the city and holding out. was remarkable. On 25 March 2022, the Ukrainians began a counter-offensive in the north which retook several towns to the east and west of Kyiv, including Makariv.[45][46] Russian troops in the Bucha area retreated north at the end of March. Ukrainian forces entered the city on 1 April. The Ground Forces have been participants of most of the land combat actions of the current war.

The counter offensive also spread to Kharkiv, and on 13 May 2022, BBC reported that Russian troops in Kharkiv were being retracted and redeployed to other fronts in Ukraine following the advances of Ukrainian troops into surrounding cities and Kharkiv itself, which included the destruction of strategic pontoon bridges built by Russian troops to cross over the Seversky Donets river and previously used for rapid tank deployment in the region.[47]

On 29 August 2022, Ukrainian President Zelenskyy vowed the start of a full-scale counteroffensive in the southeast. He first announced a counteroffensive to retake Russian-occupied territory in the south concentrating on the Kherson-Mykolaiv region, a claim that was corroborated by the Ukrainian parliament as well as Operational Command South.[48][49][50][51][52]

 
T-80BV and T-64 tanks from Ukraine's 93rd Mechanized Brigade on the Bakhmut–Soledar front, December 2022

Ukraine in September 2022 did a fall offensive that retook more than 3,088 sq miles from Russian control with armored forces supported by some of the vehicles from Western countries. It retook the major cities of Izyum and Kupiansk, which were key supply centers for the Russian forces. Ukrainian also formed large armor forces to attack around the Kherson in the south of the country, but the Russians retreated across the river before the main attack. The influx of Western material and supplies to the branch before and during the conflict as well as mobilization efforts have resulted in a massive expansion of the Ukrainian forces with more than 500 T-72s from Poland, the Czech Republic and other countries,[53] in addition to ongoing force modernization. The Ukrainian tank forces were an important factor in almost every major sector and its estimated Russian losses have been almost 40 percent of their prewar number of tanks,[54] and had begun to bring in older T-62 tanks out of storage.[55] However, the Ukrainian army have lost half of their most common tank, over 50 percent of their 800 prewar active T-64 tanks, which cant be replaced in contrast to more current t-72's and T-80's.[56]

On 1 August 2022, Russian forces launched massive ground attacks on the city of Bakhmut. Both the Russian Ministry of Defense and pro-Russian Telegram pages claimed that the battle of Bakhmut had begun.[57][58] The following day, Ukraine reported that Russian forces had increased airstrikes and shelling of Bakhmut, beginning a ground attack on the southeastern part of the city.[59] On 4 August, Wagner Group mercenaries managed to break through Ukrainian defenses and reach the eastern outskirts of Bakhmut. However, German-made Leopard 2 tanks were spotted near Bakhmut near the frontline, and it seemed the battle had become a stalemate. They had started to come into Ukraine on February 24, 2023, when Poland handed over the first four out of 14 Leopard 2A4 main battle tanks to the 4th Tank Brigade.[60] Ukraine has also received the British Challenger 2's that were promised along with Marder infantry fighting vehicles from Germany, and US Cougar armored trucks and Stryker armored personnel carriers.[61] Some western tanks have been reported as lost in attacks on Russian positions so they are engaged in the fight to recover the territory of Ukraine. On 24 September 2023 during the Zaporizhzhia counteroffensive 2 Stridsvagn 122 tanks were lost in combat.[62]

List of tanks in Ukrainian Army edit

Main battle tanks edit

Model Image Origin Variant Number Details
T-55     Soviet Union
  Yugoslavia
  Slovenia
  Ukraine
M-55S[63] ~28[63] 28 delivered by Slovenia in October 2022 after a swap deal was agreed with Germany the previous month.[63]
T-62     Soviet Union
  Russia
T-62 obr. 1967[64]
T-62M[64]
T-62MV[64]
1 (T-62 obr. 1967)
33 (T-62M)
8 (T-62MV)
All T-62s in Ukraine's current inventory have been captured during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
T-64     Soviet Union
  Ukraine
T-64A[65] T-64B[65]
T-64BV[65]
T-64BV Zr. 2017[65]
T-64BVK[65]

T-64B1M[65] T-64BM 'Bulat'
T-64BM2 'Bulat'
578
410
210
100
578 T-64As and T-64Bs were in storage in 2021 before the war, and would need to be overhauled before returning to service.
T-72     Soviet Union
  Czechoslovakia
  Czech Republic
  Poland
  North Macedonia
  Morocco
  Slovenia
  Romania
  Bulgaria
  Russia
  Ukraine
T-72AMT/UA1
T-72B1
T-72AV
T-72M1
T-72M1R
T-72B (refurbished)
Captured:
T-72A[64]
T-72AV[64]
T-72B[64]
T-72B Obr. 1989[64]
T-72BA[64]
T-72B3[64]
T-72B3 Obr. 2016[64]
T-72 Avenger[66]
130
230+90
~300+[64]
117 (T-72 Avenger)
500 T-72/T-72As were in storage in 2021 with no plans yet for repairs. As of 3 December 2022, 308 T-72 tanks have been visually confirmed captured, which is the biggest number among all Russian main battle tanks types. Various countries donated T-72s due to the 2022 invasion of Ukraine. Poland delivered more than 260 tanks mainly of T-72M1, T-72M1R and PT-91 Twardy tanks. Czech Republic provided 194+ tanks (35 T-72M1 of that supported by German ring deal; 90 of that being T-72 Avenger in cooperation with USA and the Netherlands, portion of which were modernized from T-72B provided by Morocco, further 15 T-72 Avenger in cooperation with Denmark and Netherlands). North Macedonia donated at least 8 T-72 tanks.[67][68]

Additionally, one T-72 Avenger was crowdfunded by citizens of the Czech Republic in October 2022.[69]

T-80     Soviet Union
  Russia
  Ukraine
T-80BV
T-80UD
T-80U
Captured:
T-80BV
T-80BVM
T-80U
T-80UE1
T-80UK
~130
156+
According to an advisor to then President Petro Poroshenko in 2015, around 100 T-80BV tanks were to be restored to service.[70]
T-84     Ukraine T-84U 5 Ten T-84Us acquired before 2014, with only five being in active service in 2021 with the 14th Mechanized Brigade.
T-90     Russia T-90A[71]
T-90M
T-90S
12 (T-90A)
2 (T-90M)
1 (T-90S)
All T-90 in Ukraine's current inventory have been captured from Russia during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
PT-91 Twardy     Poland >60 It was disclosed that Poland is supplying PT-91 tanks in July 2022.[72][73]

On February 24, 2023, Poland's prime minister announced an additional 60 PT-91 tanks would be sent to Ukraine "in the coming days." [74]

Leopard 1     West Germany
  Germany
  Norway
  Denmark
  Netherlands
1A5
Bergepanzer 2 ARV 17
Pionierpanzer 2 Dachs AEV
Biber AVLB
Wisent 1 MC
"NM189 Ingeniørpanservogn"
>270 88 tanks pledged by Germany.[75][76]

On March 21, 2023 Norway sent 2 "NM189 Ingeniørpanservogn"(variant of Leopard 1A5) and 2 Bergepanzer 2 ARV tanks to Ukraine.[77]

On March 11, 2023, the Danish Ministry of Defense announced the first batch of 80 Leopard 1A5 tanks would be delivered "by spring" [78]

Leopard 2     West Germany
  Germany
  Poland
  Sweden
  Finland
  Portugal
  Spain
  Norway
  Canada
  Netherlands
  Denmark
2A4
2A6
BPz3 Büffel ARV
2R Minebreacher
"Raivauspanssarivaunu Leopard 2R"
Stridsvagn 122
>130 On 11 January 2023, during the Lublin Triangle meeting of the Ukrainian, Polish and Lithuanian presidents, it was announced that Poland will deliver a company of Leopard 2 tanks.[79][80]

On 9 March 2023, 14 Polish Leopard 2A4 were delivered [81][82]

On 20 March 2023, Norway announced 8 Leopard 2A4 were delivered [83]

On 27 March 2023, Portugal announced 3 Leopard 2A4 were delivered.[84]

On 28 March 2023, 18 German Leopard 2A6[85] were delivered [86]

On January 26, 2023 Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced that Canada would give Ukraine 4 combat ready Leopard 2 tanks. Then on February 24, the one year anniversary of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, it was announced that Canada would send 4 more Leopard 2 tanks to Ukraine. Totaling 8 Leopard 2 tanks.[87][88]

On February 23, 2023, the Swedish government pledged to send 10 Leopard 2A5/Strv122 to Ukraine. [89]

On February 23, 2023, Finland announced it would send 3 modified mine-clearing Leopard 2 tanks to Ukraine. On March 23, three more mine-clearing Leopard 2s were pledged, bringing the total to 6. [90][91]

On March 15, 2023, the Spanish government pledged a total of 10 Leopard 2A4 tanks, with the first 6 expected to arrive in Ukraine in the second half of April. [92][93]

Challenger 2     United Kingdom 14 On 11 January 2023, the United Kingdom confirmed plans to send modern heavy tanks to Ukraine.[94]

On 28 March 14 Challenger tanks were delivered to Ukraine. [95]

M1 Abrams     United States M1A1 31 In January 2023, the United States stated they will send 31 M1 Abrams tanks to Ukraine.[96] They have arrived as of September 2023.

Current Structure edit

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ The US is attempting to get Abrams tanks to Ukraine earlier, perhaps by August 2023.[20][21][22]

References edit

  1. ^ Lendon, Brad (2023-01-27). "Ukraine's new tanks won't be the instant game-changer some expect". CNN. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
  2. ^ Cooper, Helene (2022-04-02). "U.S. Will Help Transfer Soviet-Made Tanks to Ukraine". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
  3. ^ Abbott, P. & E. Pinak Ukrainian Armies 1914–55 (Osprey Publishing Ltd., 2004), ISBN 1780964013, 9781780964010
  4. ^ ANALYSIS: Ukraine adopts program for military reform Archived 2005-11-18 at the Wayback Machine, 03/02/1997
  5. ^ a b In the Army Now: Answering Many Why's Archived 2015-01-08 at the Wayback Machine, The Ukrainian Week (8 July 2014)
  6. ^ Ukraine must stop importing Russian weapons, switch to NATO standards Archived 2014-12-18 at the Wayback Machine, Interfax-Ukraine (18 December 2014)
  7. ^ Ukraine crisis timeline Archived 2014-06-03 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News
  8. ^ "Poland sends Ukraine PT-91 Twardy tanks". 25 July 2022.
  9. ^ "Twardy tanks from Poland. How they will help to fight the Russians' old Soviet equipment".
  10. ^ (20 Jan 2023) Ukraine May Get 'Huge Add' to Military That Could Level Russia's Advances
  11. ^ (25 January 2023) Air defense upgrades, not F-16s, are a winning strategy for Ukraine
  12. ^ Jon Jackson (20 Jan 2023) Ukraine May Get 'Huge Add' to Military That Could Level Russia's Advances
  13. ^ Antonia Mortonsen (24 Jan 2023) Poland requests German approval to send Leopard 2 tanks to Ukraine
  14. ^ David Vergun, DOD News (25 Jan 2023) Biden Announces Abrams Tanks to be Delivered to Ukraine
  15. ^ Kyle Mizokami (6 Feb 20230) How M88 Hercules Vehicles Will Keep Abrams Tanks Out of Russia's Grip
  16. ^ Ashley Roque (25 Jan 2023) Abrams to rumble into Ukraine: US joins Germany's vow to send Kyiv tanks
  17. ^ Ashley Roque and Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. (24 Jan 2023) Pentagon opens door for M1 Abrams tank deliveries to Ukraine in coming years
  18. ^ Lolita Baldor and Mathew Lee (25 Jan 2023) In reversal, US poised to approve Abrams tanks for Ukraine
  19. ^ Marcus Weisgerber (25 Jan 2023) US Army Readies Ukraine Abrams Tank Options For Policymakers
  20. ^ Jen Judson (23 Feb 2023) Tanks might not reach Ukraine this year, US Army secretary says GD would remanufacture Abrams for Ukraine no sooner than year-end 2023
  21. ^ Jen Judson (8 Mar 2023) US Army is moving to get tanks to Ukraine 'as quickly as possible' —7th ASA(ALT) Doug Bush
  22. ^ Joe Gould and Jen Judson (21 Mar 2023) US to fast-track Abrams tanks for Ukraine by choosing older version
  23. ^ APA (25 Jan 2023) Germany set to approve Leopards for Ukraine, as U.S. promises M1 tanks
  24. ^ Marcel Plichta (25 Jan 2023) Swarm of Tanks Is Just the Start of Putin's New Nightmare
  25. ^ Nathalie Tocci (Winter 2022/2023) The Paradox of Europe's Defense Moment Texas National Security Review Vol 6, (Iss 1)
  26. ^ "European allies will send about 80 Leopard 2 tanks to Ukraine, Germany says". POLITICO. 2023-01-25. Retrieved 2023-11-16.
  27. ^ Ashley Roque and Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. (27 Jan 2023) What, where, how: After the Abrams-for-Ukraine announcement, a host of questions "In picking the precise type of M1 tank to send, the US must choose between giving Ukraine the best tech possible and risking the capture of secrets by Russia".
  28. ^ Common, David (8 March 2023). "Inside the Canadian crash course training Ukrainians on Leopard tanks". CBC News. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
  29. ^ The Washington Post (25 Jan 2023) What Tanks Will Ukraine Get, and Why Does It Want Them?
  30. ^ TCM Clips (26 Jan 2023) Ukraine vs Russia Update - USA Sending Tanks - Putin Attacks
  31. ^ The New Voice of Ukraine (27 Jan 2023) Six advantages. What will Leopard 2, Abrams, and Challenger 2 change for Ukraine? Ukraine's evaluation
  32. ^ "Suomi luovuttaa Ukrainalle kolme Leopard 2 -raivausvaunua: "Etulinjan vehkeitä – varma taistelukentän työjuhta"". mtvuutiset.fi (in Finnish). 2023-02-23. Retrieved 2023-02-24.
  33. ^ "List of the 808 tanks that Ukraine will have received from NATO allies with a part already delivered | Defense News April 2023 Global Security army industry | Defense Security global news industry army year 2023 | Archive News year". www.armyrecognition.com. Retrieved 2023-11-16.
  34. ^ Świerkowski, Adam (24 February 2023). "Leopardy i Jastrzębie ze Szwecji dla Ukrainy" [Leopards and Hawks from Sweden for Ukraine]. Defence24.pl (in Polish).
  35. ^ Sebastian Sprenger (7 February 2023) European coalition to give refurbished Leopard 1 tanks to Ukraine
  36. ^ "Kiev announces plans to withdraw Ukrainian troops from Crimea". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  37. ^ "Russia has sent 6,000 troops to Crimea says Ukraine". www.thejournal.ie. Archived from the original on 12 August 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  38. ^ "Ukraine 'preparing withdrawal of troops from Crimea'". BBC News. 2014-03-19. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  39. ^ "Ukraine orders all troops out of Crimea". CBS News. Archived from the original on 8 July 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  40. ^ "Abandoned Donbas Battalion fights on". Kyiv Post. 24 August 2014. Archived from the original on 25 August 2014. Retrieved 27 August 2014.
  41. ^ "Why is Ukraine's Army So Appallingly Bad?". The New Republic. 9 May 2014. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
  42. ^ Ukraine's Toughest Fight: The Challenge of Military Reform Archived 2018-12-03 at the Wayback Machine, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (February 22, 2018)
  43. ^ Axe, David. "Ukraine Is Going To Run Out Of T-64 Tanks". Forbes. Retrieved 2023-11-16.
  44. ^ "Conflict in Ukraine". Global Conflict Tracker. Council on Foreign Relations. 28 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  45. ^ "Ukraine war: Ukrainian fightback gains ground west of Kyiv". BBC News. 23 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
  46. ^ Walters, Joanna; Bartholomew, Jem; Belam, Martin; Lock, Samantha (25 March 2022). "Russia-Ukraine war latest: Ukraine takes back towns east of Kyiv; hopes of Mariupol humanitarian corridor grow – live". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
  47. ^ Sommerville, Quentin (11 May 2022). "Ukraine war: Russia pushed back from Kharkiv—report from front line". BBC. Archived from the original on 11 May 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  48. ^ "Ukraine's south is on the line as a major counteroffensive appears to be underway". NBC News. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  49. ^ Baker, Sinéad. "Zelenskyy tells Russian forces to flee as Ukraine starts its counteroffensive in Kherson, the 1st city Russia took". Business Insider. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  50. ^ "Ukraine says long-anticipated southern offensive has begun". Reuters. 29 August 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  51. ^ "Ukrainian Counteroffensive Underway in Kherson Region". Kyiv Post. 29 August 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  52. ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 29". Institute for the Study of War. 29 August 2022. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  53. ^ "Ukraine tanks committed 2023". Statista. Retrieved 2023-11-16.
  54. ^ Sabbagh, Dan (15 February 2023). "Russian army has lost up to half of key battle tanks, analysts estimate". The Guardian.
  55. ^ "Russia forced to use 60-year-old tanks because of heavy losses, says UK". Independent.co.uk. 7 March 2023.
  56. ^ "Ukraine is Going to Run Out of T-64 Tanks". Forbes.
  57. ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 1". Critical threats. 1 August 2022. Archived from the original on 22 August 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
  58. ^ "August 1, 2022 Russia-Ukraine news". CNN. 2 August 2022. Archived from the original on 4 August 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  59. ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 2". Critical threats. 2 August 2022. Archived from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
  60. ^ Altman, Howard (2023-02-24). "First Leopard 2 Tanks Arrive In Ukraine". The Drive. Retrieved 2023-02-25.
  61. ^ "Ukraine receives Leopard, Challenger battle tanks".
  62. ^ Axe, David. "The Russians Just Knocked Out A Fifth Of The Ukrainians' Best Strv 122 Tanks". Forbes.
  63. ^ a b c "Slovenia and Germany agree on military vehicle exchange with Ukraine". STA. 19 September 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
  64. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Oryx. "Attack On Europe: Documenting Russian Equipment Losses During The 2022 Russian Invasion Of Ukraine". Oryx. Retrieved 2022-12-30.
  65. ^ a b c d e f Oryx. "Attack On Europe: Documenting Ukrainian Equipment Losses During The 2022 Russian Invasion Of Ukraine". Oryx. Retrieved 2022-12-27.
  66. ^ Pivoňka, Michal. "Ukrajině v boji proti Rusku pomáhají a budou pomáhat české modernizované tanky a další systémy". czdefence.cz. Retrieved 2022-12-07.
  67. ^ "$400 Million in Additional Security Assistance for Ukraine". U.S. Department of Defense. 4 November 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
  68. ^ Oryx. "Answering The Call: Heavy Weaponry Supplied To Ukraine". Oryx. Retrieved 2022-12-28.
  69. ^ "Na Ukrajinu zamíří tank Tomáš. Češi se na něj složili ani ne za měsíc". 3 October 2022.
  70. ^ "Военные на днях получат сотню новых танков Т-80 – советник президента (фото)". www.unian.net.
  71. ^ Oryx. "Attack On Europe: Documenting Russian Equipment Losses During The 2022 Russian Invasion Of Ukraine". Oryx. Retrieved 2022-12-27.
  72. ^ "Ukraine receives PT-91 Twardy tanks from Poland". Militarnyi. 25 July 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  73. ^ "Rzecznik Agencji Uzbrojenia potwierdza wysłanie PT-91 na Ukrainę" [The spokesman of the Armaments Agency confirms the dispatch of PT-91 to Ukraine]. Kresy (in Polish). 24 July 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  74. ^ "Polish PM: Ukraine to receive 60 PT-91 tanks 'in coming days'". The Kyiv Independent. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
  75. ^ "Ukraine updates: Germany approves export of Leopard 1 tanks". dw.com. 2023-02-03. Retrieved 2023-02-03.
  76. ^ "Germany to send 88 Leopard I tanks to Ukraine". Politico. 2023-02-03. Retrieved 2023-02-03.
  77. ^ "Norway delivers eight Leopard 2 tanks to Ukraine". Euromaidan Press. 2023-03-20. Retrieved 2023-11-16.
  78. ^ "Troels Lund Poulsen: Tanks ready for the Ukrainians in the spring". Danish Ministry of Defense. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  79. ^ "Poland plans to give Ukraine Leopard tanks as part of coalition". Reuters. 11 January 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  80. ^ "Poland to deliver Leopard tanks to Ukraine". Kyiv Independent. 11 January 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  81. ^ "Poland already sent 14 Leopard 2 tanks to Ukraine as Ukrainian crews finished training on them". Reuters. 9 March 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  82. ^ "Poland handed over another 10 Leopards to Ukraine: official". 9 March 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  83. ^ "Norway Army Says Delivered Eight Tanks To Ukraine". Barrons. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
  84. ^ "Portugal delivers Leopard 2 tanks to Ukraine". The Kyiv Independent. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  85. ^ "List of German military support for Ukraine". German Federal Government. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  86. ^ "German Leopard 2 tanks have reached Ukraine". Reuters. 28 March 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  87. ^ Canada donating tanks to Ukraine, retrieved 2023-11-16
  88. ^ "Canada is sending four more tanks to Ukraine". CBC News. 2023-02-24. Archived from the original on 2023-06-03.
  89. ^ "Sweden to supply Ukraine with 10 Stridsvagn 122 tanks - MIM-23 Hawk IRIS-T air defense systems". 23 Feb 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  90. ^ "Finland to send three Leopard tanks to Ukraine". Reuters. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
  91. ^ "Finland Sends Three More Mine-clearing Leopard Tanks To Ukraine". Barrons. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
  92. ^ "Spain pledges 4 additional Leopard 2 tanks to Ukraine". The Kyiv Independent. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  93. ^ "Six Spanish Leopard tanks to leave to Ukraine in second half of April". Reuters. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
  94. ^ "UK and Poland confirm plans to send modern heavy tanks to Ukraine". Financial Times. 2023-01-11. Retrieved 2023-01-11.
  95. ^ "Promised German and British tanks arrive in Ukraine". 2023-03-28. Retrieved 2023-04-04.
  96. ^ "Western Allies to deliver 321 tanks to Ukraine". CNN. 2023-01-11. Retrieved 2023-02-03.

Sources edit

  • Zaloga, Steven J.; Markov, David (2000). Russia's T-80U Main Battle Tank. Hong Kong: Concord Publications. ISBN 962-361-656-2.
  • Zaloga, Steven J. (17 February 2009). T-80 Standard Tank: The Soviet Army's Last Armored Champion. Osprey Publishing, New Vanguard. ISBN 978-1-84603-244-8.

External links edit