The Social Security Disability Benefits Reform Act of 1984 was signed into law by then-U.S. President Ronald Reagan on 9 October 1984. Its purpose was to ensure more accurate, consistent and uniform disability determination decisions under the Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) program, and to ensure that applicants were treated fairly and humanely.[1] It has been described as "one of the key pieces of social welfare legislation" enacted toward the end of Reagan's first term in office.[2]
Origins edit
In 1981, Reagan ordered the Social Security Administration (SSA) to tighten up enforcement of the Disability Amendments Act of 1980 created by then President Jimmy Carter https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v44n4/v44n4p14.pdf , which resulted in more than a million disability beneficiaries having their benefits stopped.(ref?) This, as well as enforcement by the SSA of the Debt Collection Act of 1982, resulted in widespread public, media and federal court criticism of the agency. By 1984, the disability review process had nearly collapsed, and an internal SSA memo acknowledged that the agency's credibility was at an all-time low.[3] This resulted in Congress creating the Reform Act, which had the effect of strengthening the legal position of SSDI beneficiaries.[4]
Overview edit
The Reform Act instituted a "medical improvement standard" that said benefits could only be terminated if certain conditions were met, and put the burden of proof on the Social Security Administration (SSA) to demonstrate that the individual was capable of engaging in "substantial gainful activity".[5] It liberalized the screening process that applicants undergo in order to qualify for SSDI benefits, making it more subjective and complex. It directed the SSA, when assessing applications, to place increased weight on applicants' statements about their own pain and discomfort, to relax screening for mental illness, to consider multiple non-severe ailments to be disabling even if none were disabling by themselves, and to shift emphasis from the Social Security medical assessment towards the assessment of the applicant's own doctor.[6] These changes had the effect of increasing the number of new SSDI awards and shifting their composition towards claimants with low-mortality disorders such as mental illness and back pain.[7]
Effects edit
In a 2006 analysis, Autor and Duggan wrote that the act has been the most significant factor in recent growth of SSDI usage.[7] The share of the U.S. population receiving SSDI benefits has risen rapidly over the past two decades, from 2.2 percent of adults age 25 to 64 in 1985 to 4.1 percent in 2005.[7]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ Collins, Katharine P.; Anne Erfle (April 1985). "Social Security Disability Benefits Reform Act of 1984: Legislative History and Summary of Provisions". Social Security Bulletin. 48 (4): 5–32. PMID 3158087. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
- ^ Schuldes, Martin (2012). Retrenchment in the American welfare state : the Reagan and Clinton administrations in comparative perspective. Berlin: Lit Verlag. p. 89. ISBN 978-3643901538.
- ^ Leonard, Barry (1986). The Social Security Administration and information technology: special report. DIANE Publishing. pp. 64–65. ISBN 978-1428923164.
- ^ A Procedure for determining the general availability of new or improved diagnostic techniques for social security disability evaluation: report of a study. Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee to Recommend a Process for Determining the General Availability of New or Improved Diagnostic Techniques for Disability Evaluation under Social Security, Council on Health Care Technology (Institute of Medicine), Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Division of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention. 1998.
- ^ Schuldes, Martin (2012). Retrenchment in the American welfare state : the Reagan and Clinton administrations in comparative perspective. Berlin: Lit Verlag. pp. 89–90. ISBN 978-3643901538.
- ^ Wise, David A., ed. (2012-09-15). Social security programs and retirement around the world: historical trends in mortality and health, employment, and disability insurance participation and reforms. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 363. ISBN 978-0226903095.
- ^ a b c Autor, David; Duggan, Mark (2006). "The Growth in the Social Security Disability Rolls: A Fiscal Crisis Unfolding" (PDF). Journal of Economic Perspectives. 20 (3): 71–96. doi:10.1257/jep.20.3.71. PMID 17176528.