Shakespeare in Original Pronunciation (OP) is a movement dedicated to the examination and subsequent performance of Shakespeare's works in the phonology, or sound system, of Early Modern English.[1]
Modern movement edit
In 2004, Shakespeare's Globe, in London, produced three performances of Romeo and Juliet in original pronunciation.[2] Spearheaded by linguist David Crystal and play director, Tim Carroll,[3] this was the beginning of contemporary interest in Shakespeare in original pronunciation.[4]
In 2005, the Globe went on to produce six performances of Troilus and Cressida in original pronunciation.[2] Since then, there have been many further productions of Shakespeare in original pronunciation, including A Midsummer Night's Dream in 2010 by the University of Kansas and Twelfth Night in 2012 by the American Theatre of Actors.[4]
In April 2013, Bangor University's ROSTRA performed As You Like It in original pronunciation under the supervision of David Crystal.[5]
Motivations edit
Shakespeare's Early Modern English[6] was a time of great linguistic change for the English language.[7] One change that was then taking place was the Great Vowel Shift, which changed the pronunciation of long vowels.[7] Many words of Early Modern English were pronounced differently from today's standard pronunciation of Modern English.[7]
According to linguist David Crystal, Shakespeare in Original Pronunciation is "Shakespeare as hopefully he would have heard it.... It sounds raw and from the heart, which is very different from the way I think Shakespeare has been performed for the last half century or so."[8]
Also, audiences hearing Shakespeare in contemporary pronunciation often miss hearing rhymes and puns that worked well in Early Modern English.[9]
On the other hand, Laura Lodewyck, Assistant Professor of Theatre at North Central College,[10] comments that "there are limits to the OP enterprise. Some texts, for instance, may be better suited to OP performance than others."[4]
Examples edit
Pun edit
An example of a Shakespearean pun that no longer works in Modern English comes from the prologue of Romeo and Juliet, Act 1, lines 5-6:
From forth the fatal loins of these two foes
A pair of star-crossed lovers take their life[11]
In Modern English, the word "lines" does not carry the double meaning of the Early Modern English, when the line–loin merger was present; both lines and loins were pronounced as [ləɪnz].[9] Thus, Modern English audiences miss the pun.
Another example is the pronunciation of "hour", as in As You Like It:
And so from hour to hour we ripe and ripe.
And then from hour to hour we rot and rot.
And thereby hangs a tale.
In Early Modern English, "hour" was pronounced [oːɹ], homophonous to "whore"; H-dropping was regularly observed. The change in pronunciation of both words in Modern English means that a sexual joke is missed by a modern audience.[9][12]
Rhyme edit
An example of a Shakespearean rhyme that no longer works in Modern English comes from A Midsummer Night's Dream, Act 3, Scene II, lines 104-106:
Flower of this purple dye,
Hit with Cupid's archery,
Sink in apple of his eye.[13]
In Modern English pronunciation, the rhyme does not work in all lines, but in Original Pronunciation, all three lines rhyme, ending with [-əɪ].[9]
Reactions edit
The audience reaction to Shakespeare in Original Pronunciation varies.[citation needed]
Laura Lodewyck cites a New York Times review of the 2005 production of Troilus and Cressida in which the reviewer states:
"Soaring Shakespearean lines, such as 'Her hand / In whose comparison all whites are ink,' evaporate like a cough in the theatre... the waves of words produce a mesmerizing static, sort of like listening to poetry underwater."
— Laura Lodwyck[4]
Alternatively, David Crystal writes that audience members often connect to the performance through the pronunciation and comments: "We speak like that where we come from."[14] However, as Lodewyck also notes, as a leading expert in that area of study, Crystal has reasons to be biased toward such productions.[4]
Original Pronunciation can also have an effect on the actors involved.[citation needed]
Ben Crystal, a Shakespearean actor and son of David Crystal, comments on the way Shakespeare in original pronunciation affects his body and vocal register:
"It drops your center.... With OP, it comes down towards your stomach and your groin. It changes the way you move. I go from speaking in a very, in a much sort of higher quality of my voice, and I get down more into the gravelly part of my resonance. It has tremendous ramifications, from male to female, old to young, anybody that I've seen use OP, the effect's the same."
— Ben Crystal[9]
Although the beginning of the Globe's foray into Original Pronunciation showed that older actors had more difficulty in embracing it, successful performances eventually occurred.[2]
References edit
- ^ Crystal, David (2016). The Oxford Dictionary of Original Shakespearean Pronunciation. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp. ix, xi.
- ^ a b c McCrum, Robert (2005-08-21). "RP or OP? That is the question". The Guardian. Retrieved 2018-10-02.
- ^ "David Crystal: "In Original Pronunciation, the plays become easier to understand." - Exeunt Magazine". exeuntmagazine.com. Retrieved 2018-10-02.
- ^ a b c d e Lodewyck, Laura A. (2013-04-18). ""Look with Thine Ears:" Puns, Wordplay, and Original Pronunciation in Performance". Shakespeare Bulletin. 31 (1): 41–61. doi:10.1353/shb.2013.0017. ISSN 1931-1427. S2CID 191601650.
- ^ "Shakespeare's as You Like It (OP) - YouTube". YouTube.
- ^ Crystal, David (2016). The Oxford Dictionary of Original Shakespearean Pronunciation. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp. ix.
- ^ a b c "The History of English - Early Modern English (c. 1500 - c. 1800)". www.thehistoryofenglish.com. Retrieved 2018-10-02.
- ^ "Shakespeare in the rough: Audio collection of Bard's words like you've never heard them before | The Toronto Star". thestar.com. Retrieved 2018-10-02.
- ^ a b c d e alevine (2015-02-04). "Pronouncing English as Shakespeare Did". Folger Shakespeare Library. Retrieved 2018-10-02.
- ^ "Laura Lodewyck | North Central College". www.northcentralcollege.edu. Retrieved 2018-10-03.
- ^ "No Fear Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet: Act 1 Prologue". www.sparknotes.com. Retrieved 2018-10-02.
- ^ "Shakespeare, William: Elizabethan English pronunciation". Encyclopaedia Britannica.
- ^ "No Fear Shakespeare: A Midsummer Night's Dream: Act 3 Scene 2 Page 5". www.sparknotes.com. Retrieved 2018-10-02.
- ^ Crystal, David (2016). The Oxford Dictionary of Original Shakespearean Pronunciation. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp. x.