The Second Ajoy Mukherjee ministry was the coalition government that ruled the Indian state of West Bengal for 13 months, 1969–1970.[1] The Second United Front Cabinet was formed after the 1967 First United Front Cabinet had been dismissed in 1967, President's Rule introduced and a mid-term election held in 1969. The United Front got a renewed popular mandate in the 1969 election, with the Communist Party of India (Marxist) calling the shots but with a non-leftist Chief Minister. The 13-month reign of the Second United Front Cabinet was marked by the struggle for comprehensive land reform, labour disputes, political violence and coalition infighting.
Background edit
The first United Front cabinet had been dismissed by the West Bengal Governor on 21 November 1967.[2] President's Rule had been introduced in the state on 20 February 1968.[2]
A 12-party United Front coalition contested the 1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, with a 32-point common programme.[3][4] The election outcome was a landslide victory for the United Front; winning 214 seats and 49.7% of the votes.[1]
Ministers sworn in edit
Second United Front cabinet took office in February 1969.[5] The second United Front cabinet had 27 cabinet ministers and 3 ministers of state.[4] By comparison, the 1967 first United Front cabinet had 19 ministers.[6]
CPI(M) was the largest party of the United Front in the Legislative Assembly, but as per a pre-election agreement the post of Chief Minister went to Ajoy Kumar Mukherjee of the Bangla Congress.[7] Nevertheless, CPI(M) obtained all key portfolios in the government.[7] SUCI resented the fact that it had not been given the Labour portfolio.[8] The Food and Supplies department had been allocated to the CPI(M), but CPI(M) allowed Sudhindranath Kumar of the Revolutionary Communist Party of India to occupy this ministry.[4]
Later changes in the cabinet edit
On 9 May 1969 Sudhir Chandra Das, dissident leader of the Praja Socialist Party, was sworn in as Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Minister, raising the number of ministers to 31.[9][10]
Tarun Sengupta was named new Refugee, Relief and Rehabilitation and Jails Minister after Niranjan Sengupta's death.[9] Mohammed Amin replaced Abdullah Rasul as Transport Minister, after Abdullah Rasul's resignation.[9]
Allies edit
The Samyukta Socialist Party declined joining the government, but supported it from outside.[11] However, SSP was not fully supportive of the government.[11] CPI(M) and SSP activists clashes in the tea gardens and colleries.[11] SSP, along with the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, raised the 'Rabindra Sarobar incident' issue to discredit the United Front government.[11]
The Progressive Muslim League also supported the United Front government from outside.[7]
Land reform edit
Mobilization for land reform was led by Hare Krishna Konar and Benoy Choudhury the key priority of the CPI(M).[5] At the time the legal limit on land holdings was 25 acres, but in many cases landlords held more lands under fake names.[12] CPI(M) organised groups of 5–10 cadres in the country-side to organise poor peasants seize lands above the legal limit.[5] At times groups of over 10,000 peasants would congregate to seize lands.[12] The groups of cadres also organised sharecroppers to demand from landowners that their shares be paid in full.[5] By late 1969 the CPI(M) peasant front, the Krishak Samiti, claimed 939,000 members in West Bengal.[12] Through popular mobilisation 300,000 acres of land was redistributed, according to government sources, but widespread confrontations provoked a chaotic situation across the state.[5] Clashes occurred between members of different political parties.[13]
Labour struggles edit
With the CPI(M) in charge of the Home and Labour departments, police were instructed not to intervene against striking workers.[14] Gheraos were effectively legalised.[14] Salaries of workers increased as a result.[14] In the first six months of the second United Front government there were 551 strikes and 73 lock-outs across the state, affecting some 570,000 workers.[15]
Other policies edit
In local governance, the second United Front continued in the path of the first United Front government.[16] A comprehensive Panchayat Bill was presented in the Legislative Assembly.[16]
In Education, the Second United Front government introduced the Sahaj Path primer of Rabindranath Tagore for teaching Bengali language.[17]
Autonomy for the Darjeeling hills was one of the 32 points in the 1969 United Front programme.[3] Nevertheless, no progress was made on this front during its short tenure.[3]
Naxal uprising edit
A number of leaders of the Naxalite movement, such as Kanu Sanyal and Jangal Santhal, which had been jailed by the first United Front government in 1967, were released in April 1969.[18][19] The United Front deemed that the Naxalite movement in northern Bengal had been subdued by this time.[18]
On 22 April 1969, the Naxalites formed a party of their own, the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist).[18]
The CPI(ML) clashed with both police forces and the CPI(M).[20] The United Front government sought to quell the Naxalite movement and arrested a number of its leaders.[21] Nevertheless, the violence continued.[21] The Naxalites turned West Bengal into a battlefield, whilst the United Front was also under pressure from the Indian National Congress and the Congress government in Delhi.[20][22]
Political violence edit
During this period, there was significant levels of political violence in the state. Clashes between political parties were often violent, even between United Front coalition partners.[23] Over 700 political murders were reported in 1969, over 600 of them being acknowledged by the state Home Department.[24]
By mid-1969 CPI(M) had an organised 50,000 member strong volunteer force in West Bengal, a body the party thought of as an embryo of a future Liberation Army.[15] The RSP had a paramilitary body of its own, the Inquilabi Fouj ('Revolutionary Army'), the CPI also developed a fighting unit.[15] Wealthy landlords, in resistance against the United Front parties and the Naxalites, set up their own private paramilitaries.[15]
Coalition infighting edit
There was significant infighting between coalition partners.[1] Coalition partners accused CPI(M) of trying to impose its own hegemony over the United Front.[14] There was tension between the two main United Front coalition partners, the Bangla Congress and the CPI(M).[13] The prevailing chaos in the cabinet pushed the Chief Minister to undertake a hunger strike in Curzon Park, just in front of Writers' Building, in protest against his own coalition partners.[13]
There was also significant tension between CPI(M) and CPI, with the CPI being increasing drawn towards the Indian National Congress.[25] In June 1969 the CPI general secretary, C. Rajeshwar Rao, charged that CPI(M) had adopted a "domineering and dictatorial" attitude towards its coalition partners and CPI in particular.[26] In September 1969 the CPI West Bengal State Council issued a resolution that accused CPI(M) of following a 'bankrupt opportunistic line' and claimed CPI(M) had created a 'reign of terror' in the Baranagore against CPI activists.[27]
Fall edit
On 19 February 1970, three ministers belonging to the Bangla Congress (Sushil Kumar Dhara, Charu Mihir Sarkar and Bhabatosh Soren) submitted their resignations to their party.[28] Ajoy Mukherjee presented his resignation on 16 March 1970.[24] The government was dismissed on 19 March 1970.[5]
References edit
- ^ a b c Subrata K. Mitra (7 May 2007). The Puzzle of India's Governance: Culture, Context and Comparative Theory. Routledge. p. 99. ISBN 978-1-134-27493-2.
- ^ a b Ramashray Roy (1975). The Uncertain Verdict: A Study of the 1969 Elections in Four Indian States. University of California Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-520-02475-5.
- ^ a b c Ranabir Samaddar (13 December 2005). The Politics of Autonomy: Indian Experiences. SAGE Publications. p. 182. ISBN 978-81-321-0364-6.
- ^ a b c Intercontinental Press. Vol. 7. Intercontinental Press. 1969. p. 274.
- ^ a b c d e f Amrita Basu (1 October 1994). Two Faces of Protest: Contrasting Modes of Women's Activism in India. University of California Press. pp. 31–32. ISBN 978-0-520-08919-8.
- ^ Subhash C. Kashyap (1974). The politics of power: defections and state politics in India. National Pub. House. p. 518.
- ^ a b c Profulla Roychoudhury (1985). Left Experiment in West Bengal. Patriot Publishers. p. 92.
- ^ Sudhir Ray (1 November 2007). Marxist parties of West Bengal in opposition and in government, 1947–2001. Progressive Publishers. p. 92. ISBN 978-81-8064-135-0.
- ^ a b c d Communist Party of India (Marxist). West Bengal State Committee. Election results of West Bengal: statistics & analysis, 1952–1991. The Committee. p. 379. ISBN 9788176260282.
- ^ Indian Recorder and Digest. Vol. 15. 1969. p. 28.
- ^ a b c d Sudhir Ray (1 November 2007). Marxist parties of West Bengal in opposition and in government, 1947–2001. Progressive Publishers. p. 77. ISBN 978-81-8064-135-0.
- ^ a b c Sumantra Bose (16 September 2013). Transforming India. Harvard University Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-674-72819-6.
- ^ a b c Prasenjit Maiti (2002). Problems of Governance in India Since Independence: The Bengal Success Story. Vedams eBooks (P) Ltd. pp. 86–87. ISBN 978-81-7936-002-6.
- ^ a b c d Sanjay Ruparelia (2015). Divided We Govern: Coalition Politics in Modern India. Oxford University Press. pp. 59–60. ISBN 978-0-19-026491-8.
- ^ a b c d Aziz Ahmad; Karigoudar Ishwaran (1 December 1973). Contributions to Asian Studies. Brill Archive. pp. 49–50, 56. GGKEY:BEAUDTYBNJT.
- ^ a b Asok Kumar Mukhopadhyay (1977). The panchayat administration in West Bengal: a study of West Bengal's unhappy utopia. World Press. p. 30.
- ^ J. A. Mangan (1990). Making Imperial Mentalities: Socialisation and British Imperialism. Manchester University Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-7190-2864-9.
- ^ a b c Satya Prakash Dash (1 January 2006). Naxal Movement and State Power: With Special Reference of Orissa. Sarup & Sons. pp. 18–19. ISBN 978-81-7625-700-8.
- ^ Andrew Robinson (21 February 2004). Satyajit Ray: The Inner Eye: The Biography of a Master Film-Maker. I.B.Tauris. p. 201. ISBN 978-1-86064-965-3.
- ^ a b Ray, Raka (2000). Fields of Protest: Women's Movements in India. Zubaan. p. 51. ISBN 978-81-86706-23-7.
- ^ a b Julius Braunthal (1980). History of the International. Vol. 3. Praeger. p. 241. ISBN 978-0-89158-369-1.
- ^ Jean Drèze; Amartya Sen; World Institute for Development Economics Research (10 July 1997). Indian Development: Selected Regional Perspectives. Clarendon Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-19-829204-3.
- ^ Prabhat Kumar Palit (1983). The Congress (O) in West Bengal politics: role performance and role perception. B.B. Co., Publication Division. p. 44.
- ^ a b Sitanshu Das (1970). The future for Indian democracy. Fabian Society. p. 30. ISBN 9780716312857.
- ^ Bidyut Chakrabarty (13 November 2014). Left Radicalism in India. Routledge. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-317-66805-3.
- ^ Sankar Ghose (1973). Socialism, Democracy, and Nationalism in India. Allied Publishers. p. 475.
- ^ Sankar Ghose (1 January 1978). Changing India. Allied Publishers. p. 136. ISBN 9780836402414.
- ^ Surajit Kumar Dasgupta (1992). West Bengal's Jyoti Basu: a political profile. Gian Pub. House. p. 35. ISBN 978-81-212-0420-0.