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Sakina bint Husayn

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Sakīna bint al-Ḥusayn (Arabic: سكينة بنت الحسين, born between 47 AH and 51 AH or between 667 CE and 671 CE; died on the 5th of Rabi' al-Awwal, 117 AH or 735 CE), originally named Āmina (Arabic: آمنة), was the daughter of Husayn ibn Ali and Rubab bint Imra al-Qais.

Sakina bint al-Husayn
Arabic: سكينة بنت الحسين
Bornbetween 47 AH and 51 AH (between 667 CE and 671 CE)
Medina
Died5th Rabi' al-Awwal, 117 AH (or 735 CE)[1]
Medina or Damascus
Resting placeAl-Baqi Cemetery, Medina or Bab al-Saghir Cemetery, Damascus
Parents

LifeEdit

Name and TitleEdit

Sakīna, Sukayna or Sukaina (Arabic: سكينة) is an Arabic female given name that means to "Tranquility, or Peace of Reassurance". In various sources, her original name is mentioned as Āmina (Arabic: آمنة) or Amīna (Arabic: اَمینة) or Umayma (Arabic: اُمیمة).[2] Sakina is a title given to her by her mother as she was so calm, tranquil, and peaceful.[3]

BirthEdit

There is no report of the exact date of birth of Amina in historical sources. Amina was a ten or fourteen-year-old girl at the Battle of Karbala. She was probably born between 47 AH and 51 AH.[4][5]

LineageEdit

Sakina was the daughter of Husayn ibn Ali, son of Fatima, daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and Ali, the first Shia Imam and the fourth of the "rightly guided" (rāshidūn) caliphs in Sunni Islam.[6] Her father is the third Shia Imam[7] who was killed by Yazid I in the Battle of Karbala. Her mother was Rubab bint Imra al-Qais. Her brothers included Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin, Ali al-Akbar ibn Husayn, and Ali al-Asghar ibn Husayn, and her sisters included Fatima al-Sughra and Ruqayya.[8][9]

Battle of KarbalaEdit

According to historical sources, there are many narrations about the presence of Amina in the caravan of Husayn ibn Ali when he traveled from Mecca to Kufa in Iraq at the invitation of the people of Kufa and the battle of Karbala.[10] There are many reports and quotes from Sakina about the events of Ashura and the Battle of Karbala including when Ali al-Akbar was killed and the night of Ashura. Ibn Shahrashub narrates in the book Manaqib Ale Abi Talib, in Husayn's last farewell to his family that he advised her to be patient.[11][12] According to many maqatils and many other historical accounts such as al-Muhabbar, Sakina was married to one of Imam al-Hasan's sons, namely Abd Allah al-Akbar ibn al-Hasan (Abu Bakr ibn al-Hasan). However the marriage was never consummated due to Abd Allah's martyrdom in Karbala.

CaptivityEdit

KufaEdit

After the Battle of the Karbala, Umar ibn Sa'd's army captured Husayn's family and Amina's name is mentioned among the captives. She was taken to Kufa and then to Damascus along with other members family of Muhammad, the prophet of Islam as captives, along with the heads of the dead. According to Sayyed Ibn Tawus in Lohoof, On the 11th day of Muharram (14 October 680 AD), after the event of Ashura, Umar ibn Sa'd's army forced the caravan of captives toward the battleground and passed them by the bodies of the dead.[12] After the captives passed through the streets and markets of Kufa, the soldiers entered the palace of Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad. al-Shaykh al-Mufid in Kitab al-Irshad narrated the date of arrival of captives to Kufa on 12 Muharram (15 October 680 AD).[13][14]

Narrative and history reportsEdit

After the Battle of the Karbala, she was taken to Kufa and Damascus along with other members of the family of Muhammad, the prophet of Islam, as captives,[15] along with the heads of the dead raising upon the lances or hung from the necks of horses by the forces of Yazid.[16] Sayyed Ibn Tawus in Lohoof quoted, that on the 11th day of Muharram, after the event of Ashura, Umar ibn Sa'd's army forced the caravan of captives toward the battleground and passed them by the bodies of the dead. When Husayn's family was bidding farewell to the bodies of the dead, Sakina hugged his father's headless body but Umar ibn Sa'd's soldiers forcibly separated her from her father and dragged her to other captives.[17] According to the sources, after passing the captives through the streets and markets of Kufa, soldiers entered the palace of Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad, riding bareheaded camels with a rope tied around their hands and neck.[12][18][19]

DamascusEdit

Al-Baladhuri reported in Genealogies of the Nobles, that the captives were moved from Kufa to Levant by Shimr on bareheaded camels.[20][21] The exact route of the caravan from Kufa to Damascus is unknown, but considering the places related to Husayn in that region, the possible route toward Damascus is determined. On 1 safar (3 November 680 AD) the captives entered Damascus through Bab Tuma or Bab al-Saat with the heads of the dead.[22] Most historians like Al-Tabari have reported that the captives stayed in Damascus between 3 and 7 days.[23] Tawus reported it as one month but he did not consider the report valid.[24]

Narrative and history reportsEdit

Al-Baladhuri reported in Genealogies of the Nobles, that the captives were moved from Kufa to Levant by Shimr on bareheaded camels.[21] The exact route of the caravan from Kufa to Damascus is unknown, but considering the places related to Husayn in that region including Al-Nuqtah Mosque, Maqam Ra's Husayn (shrine of the head of Husayn) in mosul and the possible route toward Damascus can be determined.

The city was decorated and people came to watch.[22] The captives were taken to Umayyad Mosque. After that, soldiers brought the captives into the Yazid's court while they were rope tied to each other. Narratives said that in the presence of the captives, Yazid had put Hussain's head in a golden bowl and hit it with his cane. Ibn Babawayh in Al-Amali (Ibn Babawayh)[25] and Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi in Bihar al-Anwar narrated in response to the words of the people of Sham that, "we have not seen better captives than them." Sakina said, "we are the captives of the Prophet's family."[26]

Return to MedinaEdit

Sakina returned to Medina after passing through Karbala with other members of the caravan of captives. There are not many authentic and reliable reports about her life in Medina until her death.[2]

DeathEdit

There are disagreements among historians about the death of Sakina and her burial place. According to the majority of sources[which?], the date of her death was mentioned on 5 Rabi' al-Awwal 117 (4 April 735) in Medina.[27][28] She was buried in Al-Baqi Cemetery. There is a tomb attributed to Sakina in Bab al-Saghir Cemetery in Damascus. There is a tomb in Cairo, Egypt[29] and another tomb in Tiberias, Palestine, also attributed to Sakina.

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

  1. ^ "3". Nafasul Mahmoom. Qum: Ansariyan Publications. 2005. pp. 388–389.
  2. ^ a b Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani, d (4 March 2010). Kitab al-Aghani. Vol. 16. Routledge, 2003. ISBN 9781607246985.
  3. ^ Ibn Khallikan (1961). Ibn Khallikan's Wafayat Al-A'Yan Wa Anba Abna' Al-Zaman: A Biographical Dictionary. Vol. 1. Kitab Bhavan (January 1, 1996). ISBN 978-8171511709.
  4. ^ Ibn al-Athir. The Complete History. Vol. 4. Kitab Bhavan (January 1, 1996). p. 94.
  5. ^ Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani. Maqatil al-talibiyyin. Vol. 4. p. 192.
  6. ^ "Husayn ibn Ali". Encyclopædia Britannica. Al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī, (born January 626, Medina, Arabia [now in Saudi Arabia]—died October 10, 680, Karbalāʾ, Iraq), hero in Shiʿi Islam, grandson of the Prophet Muhammad through his daughter Fāṭima and son-in-law ʿAlī (the first Imam of the Shi'a and the fourth of the Sunni Rashidun caliphs).
  7. ^ Faramarz, Haj Manouchehri (2013). "Husaian (as) Imam". Encyclopaedia Islamica. Center for the Great Islamic Encyclopedia. pp. 664–715. ISBN 9786006326191.
  8. ^ Archived February 21, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ "The Role of Women in Karbala". Alimoula110.com. Retrieved 2015-07-02.
  10. ^ Madelung, Wilferd (2004). "Ḥosayn b. ʿAli i. Life and Significance in Shiʿism". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. XII. New York: Bibliotheca Persica Press. pp. 493–498.
  11. ^ Ibn Shahrashub. Manaqib Ale Abi Talib. Vol. 4. p. 109-110.
  12. ^ a b c Sayyed Ibn Tawus (11 May 2017). Lohoof (Sighs of sorrow) by Sayyid Ibn Tawus (2015-11-18). World Islamic Network (1 January 2019). p. 134. ISBN 9781546571322.
  13. ^ Al-Tabari (4 November 1999). History of the Prophets and Kings. Vol. 5. SUNY Press (July 7, 2015). pp. 455–456. ISBN 978-0791472521.
  14. ^ al-Shaykh al-Mufid (December 1982). Kitab Al-Irshad: The Book of Guidance into the Lives of the Twelve Imams. ‎ CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (September 13, 2017). p. 114. ISBN 978-1976385322.
  15. ^ Ayati, Ibrahim (6 November 2015). A Probe Into the History of Ashura. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2015. ISBN 9781519141880.
  16. ^ Tahmasebi Beldaji, Asghar (April 2013). "Documentary review of Quran in sermons of Zainab bint Ali". Science of Quran and Hadith. 16.
  17. ^ al-Muqarram, Sayyid Abd al-Razzaq (28 September 2014). Maqtal al-Husayn. Createspace Independent Pub, 2014. p. 303. ISBN 9781502502308.
  18. ^ Al-Tabari (4 November 1999). History of the Prophets and Kings. Vol. 5. SUNY Press (July 7, 2015). pp. 455–456. ISBN 978-0791472521.
  19. ^ al-Shaykh al-Mufid (December 1982). Kitab Al-Irshad: The Book of Guidance into the Lives of the Twelve Imams. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (September 13, 2017). p. 115-116. ISBN 978-1976385322.
  20. ^ "The Fourth Journey - Kufa to Shaam". al-islam.
  21. ^ a b Al-Baladhuri, Ahmad Bin Yahya Bin Jabir. The Ansab al-ashraf (Genealogies of the Nobles). Vol. 3. p. 416.
  22. ^ a b Al-Biruni (1963). The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries. Miras e Maktub; 1st edition (January 1, 2001). p. 527. ISBN 978-9646781542.
  23. ^ Al-Tabari (4 November 1999). History of the Prophets and Kings. Vol. 5. SUNY Press (July 7, 2015). p. 462. ISBN 978-0791472521.
  24. ^ ibn Tawus al Hasani wal Husaini, Sayyed Radhi ud-Deen Ali ibn Musa. Iqbal al-a'mal. Vol. 3. p. 101.
  25. ^ ibn Babawayh al-Qummi, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn 'Ali. Al-Amali (of Shaykh Saduq). p. 230.
  26. ^ Majlisi, Allama Muhammad Baqir (December 2014). Behar al-Anwar, Volumes 44 & 45. Islamic Seminary Incorporated, The; 1st edition (December 1, 2014). pp. 155–169. ISBN 978-0991430819.
  27. ^ Al-Baladhuri, Ahmad Bin Yahya Bin Jabir. The Ansab al-ashraf (Genealogies of the Nobles). Vol. 2. p. 197.
  28. ^ Ibn Khallikan (1961). Ibn Khallikan's Wafayat Al-ayan Wa Anba Abna Al-zaman. RareBooksClub.com (May 11, 2012). ISBN 978-1231254677.
  29. ^ Ibn Asakir. History of Damascus. Vol. 69. p. 421.
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