The Rubin–Ford effect is, per Ian Ridpath's Dictionary of Astronomy, an apparent rather than actual "anisotropy in the expansion of the Universe on a scale of around 100 million [light years] as revealed by a study of the motions of a sample of spiral galaxies,"[1] as initially described by Vera Rubin, William Kent Ford Jr., and Norbert Thonnard of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, Morton S. Roberts of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, and John A. Graham of the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, in La Serena, Chile. Specifically, their conclusion was that a sample of galaxies (referred to as ScI) was, on the whole, moving with a velocity of 885 km s−1 toward a specific astronomical position (l = 304°, b = 26°) relative to the microwave background radiation, which, because it is isotropic, provided a frame of reference for the measurement.[2]
The description by Rubin and colleagues, first appearing in 1976,[3][4] is considered pioneering work, and has been the subject of "intense discussion" since its first report.[2] The effect, however, is now seen as being apparent, and the data from which it was derived "probably only reflect the inhomogeneous distribution of galaxies in the region of the Rubin–Ford sample"[5]—i.e., that "the Universe is not homogeneous on these scales"[1]—and are actually "consistent with isotropic expansion, an unperturbed galaxy velocity field and hence a low density Universe."[5]
As indicated by the opening definition, and as described by Bernard J.T. Jones in review in 2002, the data on which the conclusion of an effect was based are:
indeed biased in the way described by Fall and Jones [1976[5]] and the apparent large scale flow implied by that data is spurious… [The bias] arises only in samples of galaxies selected in a narrow range of absolute magnitudes, such as ScI galaxies and so one should be careful before arguing that such effects arise in other samples.[2]
References edit
- ^ a b Ridpath, Ian, ed. (2016) [2012]. "Rubin-Ford Effect". A Dictionary of Astronomy (2nd, revised ed.). Oxford, GBR: Oxford University Press. p. 406. ISBN 9780199609055.
- ^ a b c Bernard J.T. Jones (1992). "The Large Scale Structure of the Universe [§2. Inhomogeneous Universe—Observations. 2.4 Surveys with Independent Distance Estimates. 2.4.1 The Rubin-Ford Effect]". In Sánchez, F.; Collados, M.; Rebolo, R. (eds.). Observational and Physical Cosmology. Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics, Vol. 2. Cambridge, GBR: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521419964. Retrieved 28 December 2016. Also available as a 2002 update, and in an HTML format and section, all retrieved December 28, 2016.
- ^ Rubin, V.C.; Ford Jr., W. Kent; Thonnard, Norbert; Roberts, Morton S.; Graham, John A. (1976). "Motion of the Galaxy and the Local Group Determined From the Velocity Anisotropy of Distant SC I Galaxies. I. The Data". Astronomical Journal. 81 (9, September): 687–718. Bibcode:1976AJ.....81..687R. doi:10.1086/111942.
- ^ Rubin, V.C.; Ford Jr., W. Kent; Thonnard, Norbert; Roberts, Morton S.; Graham, John A. (1976). "Motion of the Galaxy and the Local Group Determined From the Velocity Anisotropy of Distant SC I Galaxies. II. The Analysis for the Motion". Astronomical Journal. 81 (9, September): 719–737. Bibcode:1976AJ.....81..719R. doi:10.1086/111943.
- ^ a b c Fall, S.M.; Jones, B.J.T. (1976). "Isotropic Cosmic Expansion and the Rubin–Ford Effect". Nature. 262 (5 August): 457–460. Bibcode:1976Natur.262..457F. doi:10.1038/262457a0. S2CID 4178622.