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Foreign relations of Uzbekistan

(Redirected from Romania–Uzbekistan relations)

Uzbekistan joined the Commonwealth of Independent States in December 1991. However, it is opposed to reintegration and withdrew from the CIS collective security arrangement in 1999. Since that time, Uzbekistan has participated in the CIS peacekeeping force in Tajikistan and in United Nations-organized groups to help solve the Tajik and Afghan conflicts, both of which it sees as posing threats to its own stability. Uzbekistan is an active supporter of U.S. efforts against worldwide terrorism and joined the coalitions which have dealt with both Afghanistan and Iraq (although, in 2005, relations with the U.S. were strained after the May 2005 unrest and Uzbekistan demanded that the U.S. leave Karshi-Khanabad). It is a member of the United Nations, the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, Partnership for Peace, and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). It belongs to the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and the Economic Cooperation Organization, which comprises 7 Central Asian countries: Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. It is a founding member of and remains involved in the Central Asian Union, formed with Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, joined in March 1998 by Tajikistan.

In 1999, Uzbekistan joined the GUAM alliance (Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova), which was formed in 1997 (temporarily making it GUUAM until Uzbekistan withdrew in 2005). Uzbekistan is also a member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) and hosts the SCO's Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) in Tashkent. Uzbekistan is also candidate state of the new Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). It is a founding member of and remains involved in the Central Asian Union, formed with Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, joined in March 1998 by Tajikistan.

Turunen visit to Uzbekistan edit

Antti Turunen, the head of the Finnish Foreign Ministry's Eastern European and Central Asian department, led a European Union fact-finding mission to Tashkent, Uzbekistan on August 29, 2006. The Uzbek deputy foreign minister indicated that the Uzbek government was interested in talks with the EU during a visit to Helsinki, Finland in June 2006, just before Finland assumed the EU presidency. Radio Free Europe journalists spoke to Turunen on September 1. Turunen said the visit was inconclusive, but promising enough for the EU to "analyze" to see if the sanctions imposed on Uzbekistan could be lifted. Turunen's visit to Uzbekistan was the first EU visit since October, when sanctions were imposed after the Uzbek government refused to allow an international investigation into the Andijan massacre.[1]

The diplomatic sanctions consisted of a ban on political contacts, aid cuts, and visa bans on officials held responsible for the events in Andijan and their cover-up. Turunen said, "There are many, many open cases on human rights, and we have to now carefully look into what has really been done and what recommendations of [the] international community have been implemented. They indicated [then] that there would be possibilities to again resume ministerial level dialogue, that they might be willing to again discuss all aspects of EU-Uzbek relations, including the events in Andijan. That will be part of the assessment of the sanctions regime and on the basis of that assessment a decision on the fate of the sanctions will be made by mid-November."[1]

 
Embassy of Uzbekistan in Washington, D.C.

Turunen said that the visit went "smoothly" and that Uzbek Foreign Minister Vladimir Norov offered a "warm reception." The EU delegation met with officials from the Justice Ministry, the Attorney General's office, and Uzbek parliament members in a "rather good" atmosphere. He stressed that "the real issue" for the EU is the Uzbek government's response to the Andijan massacre and human rights abuses. "Well, it seems that at the moment the issue with the international inquiry is not on the agenda as such. They are to a certain extent open to discuss on expert level the events that took place in Andijan and we have to now see what this amounts to, what concrete steps towards that direction could be taken. The other issue is they are now willing to engage on human rights, to establish some kind of human rights dialogue or regular meetings on human rights issues which, in itself, is a positive signal."[1]

Although he was unsure what prompted the invitation to EU officials, he said Uzbekistan is trying to overcome its isolation. He said Russia-Uzbek relations and possible EU development of Uzbek energy reserves were not "directly" discussed but that "one might assume in the longer run they look forward to EU investment in this area." If the sanctions are lifted, a "Cooperation Council" meeting with Foreign Minister Norov will take place in Brussels later this autumn.[1]

Legal agreements with the Persian Gulf states edit

On 31 March 2009, Uzbekistan and the Sultanate of Oman agreed upon a legal framework that protects Omani investments in central Asia and guarantees trade from both nations is free from double taxation. The Sultanate's government has been pursuing economic diversification and privatisation policies for nearly a decade, having signed similar agreement with thirty of its other trading partners.[2]

Diplomatic relations edit

List of countries which Uzbekistan maintains diplomatic relations with:

 
# Country Date[3]
1   Australia 26 December 1991
2   China 2 January 1992
3   Vietnam 17 January 1992
4   Egypt 23 January 1992
5   Mongolia 25 January 1992
6   Denmark 25 January 1992
7   Japan 26 January 1992
8   South Korea 29 January 1992
9   North Korea 7 February 1992
10   United Kingdom 18 February 1992
11   United States 19 February 1992
12   Saudi Arabia 20 February 1992
13   Malaysia 21 February 1992
14   Israel 21 February 1992
15   Finland 26 February 1992
16   France 1 March 1992
17   Hungary 3 March 1992
18   Turkey 4 March 1992
19   Germany 6 March 1992
20   Belgium 10 March 1992
21   New Zealand 11 March 1992
22   Greece 16 March 1992
23   Mexico 16 March 1992
24   Spain 17 March 1992
25   India 18 March 1992
26   Poland 19 March 1992
27   Russia 20 March 1992
28   Italy 24 March 1992
29   Syria 24 March 1992
30   Austria 25 March 1992
31   Canada 7 April 1992
32   Sweden 8 April 1992
33   Philippines 13 April 1992
34   Oman 22 April 1992
35   Thailand 6 May 1992
36    Switzerland 7 May 1992
37   Iran 10 May 1992
38   Pakistan 10 May 1992
39   Yemen 25 May 1992
40   Bahrain 29 May 1992
41   Luxembourg 10 June 1992
42   Norway 10 June 1992
43   Indonesia 23 June 1992
44   Algeria 30 June 1992
45   Lithuania 5 August 1992
46   Portugal 12 August 1992
47   South Africa 12 August 1992
48   Ukraine 25 August 1992
49   Nigeria 28 August 1992
50   Laos 10 September 1992
51   Bulgaria 12 September 1992[4]
52   Afghanistan 13 October 1992
53   Bangladesh 15 October 1992
—   Holy See 17 October 1992
54   Tajikistan 20 October 1992
55   Kazakhstan 23 October 1992
56   United Arab Emirates 25 October 1992
57   Latvia 3 November 1992
58   Netherlands 24 November 1992
59   Tunisia 26 November 1992
60   Czech Republic 1 January 1993
61   Slovakia 1 January 1993
62   Turkmenistan 8 January 1993
63   Belarus 21 January 1993
64   Jordan 15 February 1993
65   Kyrgyzstan 16 February 1993
66   Malta 25 February 1993
67   Brazil 30 April 1993
68   Iraq 19 June 1993
69   Guinea 24 June 1993
70   Argentina 9 September 1993
71   Morocco 11 October 1993
72   Ghana 28 October 1993
73   Albania 23 November 1993
74   Zambia 1 February 1994
75   Kuwait 8 July 1994
76   Chad 16 August 1994
77   Georgia 19 August 1994
78   Moldova 23 August 1994
79   Chile 15 September 1994
—   State of Palestine 25 September 1994
80   Estonia 25 November 1994
81   Maldives 7 December 1994
82   North Macedonia 31 December 1994
83   Slovenia 16 January 1995
84   Serbia 18 January 1995
85   Croatia 6 February 1995
86   Cambodia 7 September 1995
87   Azerbaijan 2 October 1995
88   Romania 6 October 1995
89   Senegal 6 October 1995
90   Armenia 27 October 1995
91   Venezuela 26 April 1996
92   Bosnia and Herzegovina 14 May 1996
93   Brunei 20 June 1996
94   Ethiopia 15 July 1996
95   Jamaica 8 August 1996
96   Mali 13 February 1997
97   Singapore 8 April 1997
98   Cyprus 30 May 1997
99   Iceland 25 September 1997
100   Ireland 7 November 1997
101   Qatar 27 November 1997
102   Uruguay 25 May 1998
103   Lebanon 22 October 1998
104   Mauritius 4 August 1999
105   Namibia 30 August 1999
106   Sri Lanka 11 October 1999
107   Peru 22 December 1999
108   Myanmar 8 February 2001
109   Costa Rica 7 June 2001
110   Paraguay 27 August 2001
111   Angola 31 May 2002
112   Sudan 6 January 2005
113   Comoros 21 May 2005
114   Benin 17 August 2005
115   Cuba 13 March 2006
116   Montenegro 19 December 2006
117   Guatemala 9 February 2007
118   Nicaragua 23 February 2007
119   Honduras 26 April 2007
120   Dominican Republic 28 September 2007
121   Zimbabwe 18 January 2008
122   Mauritania 2 July 2008
123   Andorra 1 December 2009
124   Fiji 16 June 2010
125   Libya 27 October 2010
126   Ecuador 17 July 2011
127   Colombia 2 October 2012
128   Bolivia 28 November 2012
129   Monaco 29 November 2013
130   El Salvador 3 December 2014
131     Nepal 26 January 2018
132   Grenada 11 October 2019
133   San Marino 3 February 2021
134   Dominica 14 May 2021
135   Panama 29 November 2021
136   Saint Kitts and Nevis 9 March 2022
137   Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 10 May 2022
138   Antigua and Barbuda 13 June 2022
139   Guyana 10 October 2022
140   Sierra Leone 28 April 2023
141   Trinidad and Tobago 15 June 2023
142   Uganda 18 January 2024
143   Belize 5 March 2024
144   Liechtenstein 5 March 2024
145   Gambia 14 March 2024

Relations by country edit

Country Formal relations began Notes
  Afghanistan

See Afghanistan–Uzbekistan relations

  Albania 1993

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 November 1993.[5]

  Armenia 1995
  Azerbaijan 1995
  • The countries established diplomatic relations on 2 October 1995 by protocol.[8]
  • Azerbaijan has an embassy in Tashkent.[8]
  • Uzbekistan has an embassy in Baku.[8]
  Belarus 1992
  Bulgaria 1992-09-12 See Bulgaria–Uzbekistan relations
  • Bulgaria has an embassy in Tashkent.[10]
  • Uzbekistan is represented in Bulgaria through a non resident ambassador based in Tashkent (in the Foreign Ministry.)[11]
  Burkina Faso 1992

Burkina Faso recognized the independence of Uzbekistan on January 25, 1992.[12]

  China 3 January 1992[13] See China–Uzbekistan relations
  Comoros 2005
  Cuba 2006
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on March 13, 2006.[15]
  • Uzbekistan is accredited to Cuba from its embassy in the United States.
  • Cuba is accredited to Uzbekistan from its embassy in Azerbaijan.
  • In May 1963, Fidel Castro visited the Uzbek SSR on an official visit, being bosted by the Uzbek Communist First Secretary Sharof Rashidov.[16]
  • In 2016, Cuba became the only country in the world (other than Uzbekistan itself) that declared an official period of mourning in connection with the death of President Islam Karimov, with many speculating that this was because of Castro's reported liking towards the late Uzbek leader.[17][18][19]
  Djibouti 1992

Djibouti recognized the independence of Uzbekistan on January 6, 1992. However both countries have not yet established diplomatic relations.[14]

  Germany 1992 See Germany–Uzbekistan relations
  • Germany has an embassy in Tashkent.
  • Uzbekistan has an embassy in Berlin and a consulate general in Frankfurt.
  India 18 March 1992 See India–Uzbekistan relations
  • India has an embassy in Tashkent.
  • Uzbekistan has an embassy in New Delhi.
  Indonesia 23 June 1992 See Indonesia–Uzbekistan relations
  • Indonesia has an embassy in Tashkent that is also accredited to Tajikistan.
  • Uzbekistan has an embassy in Jakarta.
  Iran 1991 See Iran–Uzbekistan relations
  • The two countries have deep cultural and historical ties, and Uzbekistan is considered as a part of Greater Iran. Iran has been especially active in pursuing economic projects and social, cultural, and diplomatic initiatives in Uzbekistan. The two nations have also worked on overland links and other joint ventures. The countries' conflicting political set-ups (Iran's Islamic theocracy versus Uzbekistan's secular republic) does not appear to have deterred efforts to improve relations.[20]
  Japan 26 January 1992[21]
  • Japan opened an embassy in Tashkent in January 1993.
  • Uzbekistan opened an embassy in Tokyo in February 1996
  • Ministerial level visits are frequent between the two countries.
  Kyrgyzstan See Kyrgyzstan–Uzbekistan relations
  • Uzbekistan dominates southern Kyrgyzstan both economically and politically, based on the large Uzbek population in that region of Kyrgyzstan and on economic and geographic conditions.[22]
  Malaysia 1992[23] See Malaysia–Uzbekistan relations
  Mexico 14 January 1992
  Mauritania 2 July 2008
  Pakistan See Pakistan–Uzbekistan relations
  • Relations between the two states were established when the republic of Uzbekistan became independent following the collapse of the USSR, the relations between the two countries were initially strained by the situation in Afghanistan which both countries border as they supported different Afghan factions.[26]
  • However relations improved after the fall of the Taliban, both countries seeking to improve relations for the sake of trade, Pakistan wishing to gain access to Central Asian markets and landlocked Uzbekistan to access ports on the Indian Ocean.[26]
  Poland 1992-03-19 See Poland–Uzbekistan relations
  Romania 1995-10-06 See Romania–Uzbekistan relations
  • Romania recognized Uzbekistan's independence on December 20, 1991.
  • Romania has an embassy in Tashkent, although Uzbekistan does not have any representation in Romania.
  • Romania sees Uzbekistan as a potentially important partner in Central Asia, where it is trying to increase its standing, while Uzbekistan hopes to receive increased access to technology and European markets via Romania.[28]
  Russia 1992
Main article: Russia–Uzbekistan relations
  South Korea 29 January 1992[29] See South Korea–Uzbekistan relations
  • Number of Ethnic Koreans living in Uzbekistan: About 180,000 (Largest number among the CIS nations).[29]
  Spain See Spain–Uzbekistan relations
  Tajikistan
Main article: Tajikistan–Uzbekistan relations
  Turkey March 4, 1992[31] See Turkey–Uzbekistan relations
  Turkmenistan
Main article: Turkmenistan–Uzbekistan relations
  Ukraine 1992
Main article: Ukraine–Uzbekistan relations
Inter-parliamentary cooperation with the Republic of Uzbekistan is currently in the making. The deputy group of friendship with the Republic of Uzbekistan was established in the Verkhovna Rada. Uzbekistan has clearly expressed its position on the events in Ukraine: the rejection of force options and the use of political efforts to resolve the problems that have arisen, through negotiations, based on the fundamental norms of international law and the UN Charter.

The development of cultural and humanitarian cooperation remains one of the important areas of bilateral relations between Ukraine and the Republic of Uzbekistan. The legal framework in this sphere consists of ten bilateral agreements, the most important of which is the "Agreement between Ukraine and the Republic of Uzbekistan in the field of culture."

Cooperation between Ukraine and the Republic of Uzbekistan in the field of science and education is carried out taking into account the ancient traditions of interaction between scientific and educational institutions, the presence of a large Ukrainian diaspora and the established legal framework.

  United States 1992 See United States–Uzbekistan relations
  • The United States recognized the independence of Uzbekistan on December 25, 1991, and opened an embassy in Tashkent in March 1992.

See also edit

References edit

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  2. ^ Unattributed (2009-04-01). "Oman, Uzbekistan sign agreements on double taxation, investment protection". Oman Daily Observer. p. 3. Archived from the original on 2009-04-27. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
  3. ^ "STATES WITH WHICH THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS". Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  4. ^ "Установяване, прекъсване u възстановяване на дипломатическите отношения на България (1878-2005)" (in Bulgarian). Archived from the original on 2022-07-04. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
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  6. ^ "Uzbekistan - Bilateral Relations - Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia". Archived from the original on 2017-02-02. Retrieved 2017-01-30.
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  8. ^ a b c "Uzbekistan". mfa.gov.az. Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-17.
  9. ^ "belembassy.org". Archived from the original on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  10. ^ "Bulgarian embassy in Tashkent". Archived from the original on 2011-05-24. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
  11. ^ "Uzbek Ministry of Foreign Affairs". Archived from the original on 2009-04-22. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
  12. ^ a b "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan — States with which the Republic of Uzbekistan established diplomatic relations". Archived from the original on 2017-12-11. Retrieved 2018-03-12.
  13. ^ "中国与乌兹别克斯坦共和国的关系". Embassy of China in Tashkent. 2004-06-11. Archived from the original on 2015-05-02. Retrieved 2015-08-05.
  14. ^ a b "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan — States with which the Republic of Uzbekistan established diplomatic relations". Archived from the original on 2018-03-12. Retrieved 2018-03-12.
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  16. ^ Riccardo Mario Cucciolla, Sharaf Rashidov and the international dimensions of Soviet Uzbekistan, Central Asian Survey, 39, 2, 2020, pp. 185-201 (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02634937.2019.1708269)
  17. ^ "Decreta el Consejo de Estado de Cuba duelo oficial por fallecimiento de Presidente uzbeko" (in Spanish). www.cubadebate.cu. 4 September 2016. Archived from the original on 2017-08-23. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
  18. ^ "Куба объявила траур по случаю кончины президента Узбекистана". tass.ru. Archived from the original on 2016-11-13. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
  19. ^ "Куба объявила траур по случаю кончины Ислама Каримова". mir24.tv. Archived from the original on 2021-07-13. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
  20. ^ "Uzbekistan - The Middle East and Pakistan". countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 2016-11-03. Retrieved 2009-05-24.
  21. ^ "Japan-Papua New Guinea Relations (Basic Data)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Archived from the original on 2021-07-13. Retrieved 2021-07-13.
  22. ^ Martha Brill Olcott. "Central Asian Neighbors". Kyrgyzstan: a country study Archived 2012-12-13 at archive.today (Glenn E. Curtis, editor). Library of Congress Federal Research Division (March 1996). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
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  29. ^ a b "Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea". www.mofa.go.kr. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  30. ^ Stern, David L. (September 1, 2008). "Tajikistan Hopes Water Will Power Its Ambitions". New York Times. Archived from the original on 2022-02-14. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
  31. ^ "Relations between Turkey and Uzbekistan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  32. ^ "Samarkand Consulate General of Turkey was opened with ceremon".[permanent dead link]
  33. ^ "Economic Relations between Turkey and Uzbekistan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2020.

External links edit

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