Roman philosophy

Bust of emperor Marcus Aurelius, who wrote his famous Meditations in 180 AD

"Latin Philosophy" redirects here. For the theology and philosophy of the Latin Church, see Latin Church § Theology and philosophy.

Ancient Roman philosophy was heavily influenced by the ancient Greeks, in particular, the Stoics and the Epicureans.

Characteristics

Some important figures include Lucretius, Cicero, and his school of eclecticism, and Seneca the younger. Later with the spread of Christianity inside the Roman empire the Christian philosophy of Saint Augustine of Hippo was fundamental.

The Meditations of Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius are still revered as a literary monument to a philosophy of service and duty, describing how to find and preserve equanimity in the midst of conflict by following nature as a source of guidance and inspiration.

Some of the most significant Roman Stoics were Seneca, Cornutus, Musonius Rufus, Euphrates, Cleomedes, Epictetus, Hierocles, Sextus, Junius Rusticus, Marcus Aurelius.

Roman Epicureanism was the philosophy of Amafinius, Rabirius, Titus Albucius, Phaedrus, Philodemus, Lucretius, Patro, Catius, Siro, Diogenes of Oenoanda.

Notable philosophers

Roman times

Plotinus

• Cicero (106 – 43 BC)
• Lucretius (94 – 55 BC)
• Seneca (4 BC – 65 AD)
• Musonius Rufus (30 – 100 AD)
• Marcus Aurelius (121 – 180 AD)
• Clement of Alexandria (150 – 215 AD)
• Alcinous (philosopher) (2nd century AD)
• Sextus Empiricus (3rd century AD)
• Alexander of Aphrodisias (3rd century AD)
• Plotinus (205 – 278AD)
• Porphyry (232 – 304 AD)
• Iamblichus (242 – 327 AD)
• Themistius (317 – 388 AD)
• Augustine of Hippo (354 – 430 AD)
• Damascius (462 – 540 AD)
• Boethius (472 – 524 AD)
• Simplicius of Cilicia (490 – 560 AD)
• John Philoponus (490 – 570 AD)

Early Christian philosophy

See also: Christian philosophy

• School of the Sextii

See also

• Ancient philosophy
• Ancient Greek philosophy

Further reading

• Farrell, Joseph. 2014. "Philosophy in Vergil." In The Philosophizing Muse: The Influence of Greek Philosophy on Roman Poetry. Edited by Myrto Garani and David Konstan. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publ.
• Griffin, Miriam T. 2013. "Latin Philosophy and Roman Law." In Politeia in Greek and Roman Philosophy. Edited by Verity Harte and Melissa Lane, 96-115. Cambridge; New York : Cambridge University Pr.
• Hammer, Dean C. 2014. Roman Political Thought: From Cicero to Augustine. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Pr.
• Morford, M. 2002. The Roman Philosophers from the Time of Cato the Censor to the Death of Marcus Aurelius. London and New York: Routledge.
• Powell, J. G. F., ed. 1995. Cicero the Philosopher. Oxford: Clarendon.
• Rawson, E. 1985. Intellectual Life in the Late Roman Republic. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press.
• Star, Christopher. 2015. "Roman Tragedy and Philosophy." In Brill’s Companion to Roman Tragedy. Edited by George William Mallory Harrison. Leiden: Brill.
• Trapp, M. 2007. Philosophy in the Roman Empire: Ethics, Politics and Society. Ashgate, UK: Aldershot.
• Williams, G. D., and K. Volk, eds. 2015. Roman Reflections: Studies in Latin Philosophy. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
• Volk, K., and G. D. Williams, eds. 2006. Seeing Seneca Whole: Perspectives on Philosophy, Poetry, and Politics. Columbia Studies in the Classical Tradition 28. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.