Robert Dunkin (1761–1831), of Penzance, Cornwall, was a Quaker businessman and a mentor of the young Humphry Davy, a founder of the science of electrochemistry, in the practice of experimental science.
Robert Dunkin | |
|---|---|
| Born | 1761 Penzance, Cornwall, United Kingdom |
| Died | 10 August 1831 Penzance |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Electrochemistry |
Death notice edit
According to a death notice in The West Briton 19 August 1831:[1] "At Penzance on Thursday the 11th instant, Mr Dunking, [died] aged 70 years. – This most respectable man was a member of the Society of Friends; he was originally a saddler, which business he long carried on; but he was also an excellent mathematical instrument maker, and was well known to men of science by some valuable improvements in the barometer and the thermometer. He was an able mathematician, and in natural philosophy, especially in electricity and magnetism, he was deeply skilled – His amiable disposition, and the unassuming manners so well suited to his religious opinions, secured him the respect of all who knew him and will long endear his memory to his numerous friends."
Robert Dunkin died aged 70 at Penzance on 10 August 1831.[2]
Personal life edit
Robert Dunkin was the son of Robert and Anna Dunkin, born at Penzance and baptised on 14 July 1761.[2] On 20 January 1786 Robert Dunkin and Celia Bonello, a widow, daughter of William and Elizabeth Odgers of Helston, were married, after the manner of Quakers. Their son, Robert, was born on 1 July 1787.[3][4] Celia Dunkin was an active Quaker.[5] She died, aged 76, on 21 January 1824.
Dunkin's business edit
A trade card is on display at Penlee House, Penzance:[6]
DUNKIN & JAMES/ SADDLE AND HARNESS/ Manufacturers/ PENZANCE/ PHILOSOPHICAL INSTRUMENTS/ Made and Repaired/THERMOMETERS, BAROMETERS, THEODOLITES, ANGLOMETERS, SHIPS COMPASSES &C/ ENGRAVED COPPERPLATE PRINTING/ MEDICAL ELECTRICITY &C [7]
Pigot's Directory of Cornwall—1823 shows Robert Dunkin operating from Market Place, Penzance.[8] Robert Dunkin is listed under "Tradesmen" as a saddlemaker in the Universal British Directory—1791.[9]
Dunkin as a Quaker edit
As his marriage took place after the manner of Friends, both partners must have been Quakers at this date (1786). He was listed as a member of Penzance Quaker Meeting, in a list written in 1828, his acquisition of membership being by "convincement".[10] He published a religious poem "On God" in the Imperial Magazine in 1820.[11]
Dunkin and Davy edit
Humphry Davy's first biographer,[12] John Ayrton Paris, was an unreliable witness, according to June Z. Fullmer.[13] She contests the idea that Davy was a "country bumpkin", giving evidence that he and his family were of middling status in Penzance society:[14] "Intimated always, in Paris's descriptive flights, were notes of snobbish disdain". Paris caricatures Dunkin as "Will Snaffle" in his roman a clef – Philosophy in sport made science in earnest (1827).[15]
June Z. Fullmer says:[16] "Instruction of Davy did not arise solely from his schooling and his apprenticeship. As important as anyone for his training was Robert Dunkin .... Dunkin has been variously referred to as saddler, ironmonger, patentee and mathematical instrument maker. These changing sobriquets reflect his versatility and technological expertise." ... "Perhaps the best testimony to Dunkin's ability derives from his activities. He received two patents, the first, in 1802,[17] with Dr Henry Penneck as co-patentee, for the invention of 'Methods of improving Sailing and Navigation of certain ships and vessels'; the second, in 1813,[18] for 'Methods of lessening the consumption of steam and fuel in working fire engines, and also methods for the improvement of certain instruments useful for mining and other purposes ' ".[19]
Robert Hunt, in his article in Dictionary of National Biography (1888) on Davy,[20] says: "....These conditions developed a love of poetry and the composition of verses and ballads. At the same time he acquired a taste for experimental science. This was mainly due to a member of the Society of Friends named Robert Dunkin, a saddler; a man of original mind and of the most varied acquirements. Dunkin constructed for himself an electrical machine, voltaic piles, and Leyden jars, and made models illustrative of the principles of mechanics. By the aid of these appliances he instructed Davy in the rudiments of science. As professor at the Royal Institution, Davy repeated many of the ingenious experiments which he had learned from his quaker instructor."
Harold Hartley in his Humphry Davy, discounted Ayrton Paris's tale (Life p. 31)[12] about Davy's source of scientific instruments. Paris claimed that they were a gift from a French doctor, who had been shipwrecked off Land's End. " . . . any doubt about the veracity of Davy's statements about his apparatus has now been removed, as Dunkin's help must have been of the greatest assistance to him in those early days".[21]
Davy's study of chemistry started in 1797[22] and his contact with Dunkin ceased when he moved to Bristol on 20 December 1798. Davy's initial contacts with Robert Dunkin may have been much earlier; they lived in the centre of the same town; Dunkin's son, also named Robert, was slightly older than Davy.
Fullmer cites[23] the first documented contact was Davy's written attack on "The pretended inspiration of Quakers and other sectaries",[24] the continuation of an oral debate. Dunkin is reported as having responded "I tell thee what, Humphry, thou art the most quibbling hand at a dispute as I ever met with in my life". The success of their chemical and electrical experiments must have been to some extent dependent in the skills of the Quaker instrument maker.[25]
References edit
Citations edit
- ^ The West Briton, 19 August 1831, p. 2 death notices.
- ^ a b Boase & Courtney 1874.
- ^ Much of this article is based on Fullmer 2000
- ^ The Digest Registers at The Library of the Society of Friends, London, as the source of information on Dunkin's marriage and the birth of his son Robert. This editor expresses thanks to the Library for help with this task.
- ^ Celia Dunkin's presence at Meetings for Discipline was recorded frequently in the Minute Book of Women Friends of the Western Division of Cornwall (held at Cornwall Record Office 1788–1810 – Ref SF/122)
- ^ The display at Penlee House is part of the social history section, on the first floor
- ^ Philosophical instruments are those used in "Natural Philosophy", now called "Science". What medical use electricity was put to in the early 19th century is, as yet unknown.
- ^ West Penwith resources online – Pigot's Directory
- ^ West Penwith resources online – Universal British Directory—1791.
- ^ The list of members of Penzance Quaker Meeting is in Cornwall Record Office, Truro. He was still a member when he died.
- ^ Poem by Dunkin: Cited by Fullmer p. 74 Note 14 The poem was published in the Imperial Magazine No.2 (1820) pp. 76–77.
- ^ a b John Ayrton Paris The life of Sir Humphry Davy, bart., LL.D.: late president of the Royal (1831) Available online at GoogleBooks
- ^ Fullmer 2000, pp. 27 (note 12), 43, 63.
- ^ Fullmer 2000, p. 63.
- ^ Paris's Philosophy in sport (1827) is referred to by June Z. Fullmer p. 74 Note 13 Philosophy in sport is available online at GoogleBooks and pp. 33/34 refer scornfully to Will Snaffle.
- ^ Fullmer 2000, pp. 65–74.
- ^ Bibliotheca cornubiensis describes the first patent as: "A.D. 1802. No. 2581. Specifications of Henry Penneck and Robert Dunkin, of the town of Penzance, for " Methods for Improving the Sailing and Navigating of certain Ships and Vessels." With folding sheet of diagrams. Lond., 1802, fol.—Reprinted, Lond., Gr. E. Eyre and W. Spottiswoode, 1856,
- ^ Bibliotheca cornubiensis describes the second patents as: "A.D. 1813. No. 3646. Specification of Robert Dunkin, of the town of Penzance, Gentleman, for invention of "Methods of lessening the consumption of steam and fuel in working Fire Engines, and also methods for the improvement of certain instruments useful for Mining or other purposes. With folding sheet of diagrams. Lond., 1813, fol.—Reprinted, Lond., G. E. Eyre and W. Spottiswoode, 1856, fol., pp. 8, lOd."
- ^ "Fire Engines": this means what are now called "stationary steam engines", used, in Cornwall, for pumping water out of mines. Coal had to be imported from South Wales, so any reduction in the use of fuel was greatly valued by mine owners see also: Cornish engine.
- ^ Robert Hunt, in his Dictionary of National Biography article on Davy, states that he had access to "information from Davy's family". Old DNB is available on the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography website.
- ^ Harold Hartley Humphry Davy, (Reprint of 1966 edition with new preface) Wakefield, EP publications, 1972 ISBN 0-85409-729-5 p. 15
- ^ Fullmer 2000, p. 43.
- ^ Fullmer 2000, pp. 67–68.
- ^ "The pretended inspiration ..." survives in Davy's notebook 13e, at the Royal Institution, Fullmer p. 74, Note 12.
- ^ Fullmer 2000, p. 69.
Sources edit
- Fullmer, June Z. (2000). Young Humphry Davy: The Making of an Experimental Chemist. APS Memoirs Volume 237. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. ISBN 0-87169-237-6.