In the context of ecological stability, resistance is the property of communities or populations to remain "essentially unchanged"[1] when subject to disturbance.[2][3]: 789 [4][5] The inverse of resistance is sensitivity.[1]
Stability and disturbance edit
Resistance is one of the major aspects of ecological stability. Volker Grimm and Christian Wissel identified 70 terms and 163 distinct definitions of the various aspects of ecological stability, but found that they could be reduced to three fundamental properties: "staying essentially unchanged", "returning to the reference state...after a temporary disturbance" and "persistence through time of an ecological system." Resistant communities are able to remain "essentially unchanged" despite disturbance.[1] Although commonly seen as distinct from resilience, Brian Walker and colleagues considered resistance to be a component of resilience in their expanded definition of resilience,[6] while Fridolin Brand used a definition of resilience that he described as "close to the stability concept 'resistance', as identified by Grimm and Wissel (1997)".[7] The inverse of resistance is sensitivity - sensitive species or communities show large changes when subject to environmental stress or disturbance.[1]
Examples edit
In 1988, Hurricane Joan hit the rainforests along Nicaragua's Caribbean coast. Douglas Boucher and colleagues contrasted the resistant response of Qualea paraensis with the resilient response of Vochysia ferruginea; the mortality rate was low for Q. paraensis (despite extensive damage to the trees), but the growth rates of surviving trees were also low and few seedlings established. Despite the disturbance, populations were essentially unchanged. In contrast, V. ferruginea experienced very high rates of mortality in the hurricane but showed very high rates of seedling recruitment. As a result, population densities of the species increased.[8] In their study of Jamaican montane forests affected by Hurricane Hugo in 1988, Peter Bellingham and colleagues used the degree of hurricane damage and the magnitude of the post-hurricane response to categorise tree species into four groups – resistant species (those with limited storm damage and low response), susceptible species (greater damage but low response), usurpers (limited damage but high response) and resilient species (greater damage and high response).[9]
Introduced species edit
English ecologist Charles Elton applied the term resistance to the ecosystem properties which limit the ability of introduced species to successfully invade communities. These properties include both abiotic factors like temperature and drought, and biotic factors including competition, parasitism, predation and the lack of necessary mutualists. Higher species diversity and lower resource availability can also contribute to resistance.[10]
References edit
- ^ a b c d Grimm, Volker; Christian Wissel (1997). "Babel, or the ecological stability discussions: an inventory and analysis of terminology and a guide for avoiding confusion". Oecologia. 109 (3): 323–334. Bibcode:1997Oecol.109..323G. doi:10.1007/s004420050090. PMID 28307528. S2CID 5140864.
- ^ Donohue, Ian; Hillebrand, Helmut; Montoya, José M.; Petchey, Owen L.; Pimm, Stuart L.; Fowler, Mike S.; Healy, Kevin; Jackson, Andrew L.; Lurgi, Miguel; McClean, Deirdre; O'Connor, Nessa E. (2016). "Navigating the complexity of ecological stability". Ecology Letters. 19 (9): 1172–1185. doi:10.1111/ele.12648. ISSN 1461-0248. PMID 27432641. S2CID 25646033. Archived from the original on 2021-09-14. Retrieved 2021-05-11.
- ^ Levin, Simon A. (2009). The Princeton Guide to Ecology. Princeton University Press.
- ^ Allison, Gary (2004). "The Influence of Species Diversity and Stress Intensity on Community Resistance and Resilience". Ecological Monographs. 74 (1): 117–134. doi:10.1890/02-0681. hdl:1811/49035. JSTOR 4539048.
- ^ Connell, Joseph H.; Wayne P. Sousa (1983). "On the Evidence Needed to Judge Ecological Stability or Persistence". American Naturalist. 121 (6): 789–824. doi:10.1086/284105. JSTOR 2460854. S2CID 85128118.
- ^ Walker, Brian; C.S. Holling; Stephen R. Carpenter; Ann Kinzig (2004). "Resilience, Adaptability and Transformability in Social–ecological Systems". Ecology and Society. 9 (2): 5. doi:10.5751/ES-00650-090205. hdl:10535/3282. Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2013-01-03.
- ^ Brand, Fridolin (2009). "Critical natural capital revisited: Ecological resilience and sustainable development". Ecological Economics. 68 (3): 605–612. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.09.013.
- ^ Boucher, Douglas H.; John H. Vandermeer; Maria Antonia Mallona; Nelson Zamora; Ivette Perfecto (1994). "Resistance and resilience in a directly regeneration rainforest: Nicaraguan trees of the Vochysiaceae after Hurricane Joan" (PDF). Forest Ecology and Management. 68 (2–3): 127–136. doi:10.1016/0378-1127(94)90040-x. hdl:2027.42/31279. Archived from the original on 2021-11-23. Retrieved 2013-01-02.
- ^ Bellingham, P.J.; E.V.J. Tanner; J.R. Healey (1995). "Damage and responsiveness of Jamaican montane tree species after disturbance by a hurricane". Ecology. 76 (8): 2562–2580. doi:10.2307/2265828. JSTOR 2265828.
- ^ D'Antonio, Carla M.; Meredith Thomsen (2004). "Ecological Resistance in Theory and Practice". Weed Technology. 18 (sp1): 1572–1577. doi:10.1614/0890-037X(2004)018[1572:ERITAP]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 28107635.