Research stations in Antarctica

Multiple governments have set up permanent research stations in Antarctica and these bases are widely distributed. Unlike the drifting ice stations set up in the Arctic, the research stations of the Antarctic are constructed either on rock or on ice that is (for practical purposes) fixed in place.

Countries with research stations in Antarctica. All-year-round (orange) and summer-only (yellow) stations

Many of the stations are staffed throughout the year. A total of 42 countries (as of October 2006), all signatories to the Antarctic Treaty, operate seasonal (summer) and year-round research stations on the continent. The population of people performing and supporting scientific research on the continent and nearby islands varies from approximately 4,000 during the summer season to 1,000 during winter (June).[1] In addition to these permanent stations, approximately 30 field camps are established each summer to support specific projects.[2][dubious ]

HistoryEdit

First basesEdit

 
"Omond House", the first permanent base, built in 1903 by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition

During the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration in the late 19th century, the first bases on the continent were established. In 1898, Carsten Borchgrevink, a Norwegian/British explorer, led the British Antarctic Expedition to Cape Adare, where he established the first Antarctic base on Ridley Beach. This expedition is often referred to now as the Southern Cross Expedition, after the expedition's ship name. Most of the staff were Norwegian, but the funds for the expedition were British, provided by Sir George Newnes. The 10 members of the expedition explored Robertson Bay to the west of Cape Adare by dog teams, and later, after being picked up by the ship at the base, went ashore on the Ross Ice Shelf for brief journeys. The expedition hut is still in good condition and visited frequently by tourists.

The hut was later occupied by Scott's Northern Party under the command of Victor Campbell for a year in 1911, after its attempt to explore the eastern end of the ice shelf discovered Roald Amundsen already ashore preparing for his assault on the South Pole.

In 1903, Dr William S. Bruce's Scottish National Antarctic Expedition set off to Antarctica, with one of its aims to establish a meteorological station in the area. After the expedition failed to find land, Bruce decided to head back to the Laurie Island in the South Orkneys and find an anchorage there.[3] The islands were well-situated as a site for a meteorological station, and their relative proximity to the South American mainland allowed a permanent station to be established.[4] Bruce instituted a comprehensive programme of work, involving meteorological readings, trawling for marine samples, botanical excursions, and the collection of biological and geological specimens.[3]

The major task completed during this time was the construction of a stone building, christened "Omond House".[5] This was to act as living accommodation for the parties that would remain on Laurie Island to operate the proposed meteorological laboratory. The building was constructed from local materials using the dry stone method, with a roof improvised from wood and canvas sheeting. The completed house was 20 feet by 20 feet square (6m × 6m), with two windows, fitted as quarters for six people. Rudmose Brown wrote: "Considering that we had no mortar and no masons' tools it is a wonderfully fine house and very lasting. I should think it will be standing a century hence ..."[6]

Bruce later offered to Argentina the transfer of the station and instruments on the condition that the government committed itself to the continuation of the scientific mission.[7] Bruce informed the British officer William Haggard of his intentions in December 1903, and Haggard ratified the terms of Bruce's proposition.[8]

The Scotia sailed back for Laurie Island on 14 January 1904 carrying on board Argentinean officials from the Ministry of Agriculture, National Meteorological Office, Ministry of Livestock and National Postal and Telegraphs Office. In 1906, Argentina communicated to the international community the establishment of a permanent base on the South Orkney Islands.

WWII and postwar expansionEdit

Little happened for the following forty years until the Second World War, when the British launched Operation Tabarin in 1943, to establish a presence on the continent. The chief reason was to establish solid British claims to various uninhabited islands and parts of Antarctica, reinforced by Argentine sympathies toward Germany.

 
View of Chile's Captain Arturo Prat Base, established in 1947

Prior to the start of the war, German aircraft had dropped markers with swastikas across Queen Maud Land in an attempt to create a territorial claim (New Swabia).[9] Led by Lieutenant James Marr, the 14-strong team left the Falkland Islands in two ships, HMS William Scoresby (a minesweeping trawler) and HMS Fitzroy, on Saturday January 29, 1944. Marr had accompanied the British explorer Sir Ernest Shackleton on his final Antarctic expedition in 1921–22.

Bases were established during February near the abandoned Norwegian whaling station on Deception Island, where the Union Flag was hoisted in place of Argentine flags, and at Port Lockroy (on February 11) on the coast of Graham Land. A further base was founded at Hope Bay on February 13, 1945, after a failed attempt to unload stores on February 7, 1944. These bases were the first ever to be constructed on the mainland Antarctica.[10]

The United States starting under the leadership of Admiral Richard E. Byrd constructed a series of five bases near the Bay of Whales named Little America between 1929 and 1958. All of them have now drifted off to sea on icebergs.

A massive expansion in international activity followed the war. Chile organized its First Chilean Antarctic Expedition in 1947–48. Among other accomplishments, it brought the Chilean president Gabriel González Videla to personally inaugurate one of its bases, thereby becoming the first head of state to set foot on the continent.[11] Signy Research Station (UK) was established in 1947, Australia's Mawson Station in 1954, Dumont d'Urville Station was the first French station in 1956. In that same year, the United States built McMurdo Station and Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, and the Soviet Union built Mirny Station.

Permanent active stationsEdit

The United States maintains the southernmost base, Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, and the largest base and research station in Antarctica, McMurdo Station. The second-southernmost base is the Chinese Kunlun Station at 80°25′02″S during the summer season, and the Russian Vostok Station at 78°27′50″S during the winter season.

Name Location Country Admin. Year est. Max. pers. Summer pop. Winter pop. LOCODE UTC offset Coord. Mean annual temp. (°C) Activities
Amundsen–Scott South Pole Geographical South Pole   United States United States Antarctic Program 1957 153 150 49 AQ AMS +12[a] 90°S 0°E / 90°S 0°E / -90; 0 (Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station (USA)) −49.5 Glaciology, geophysics, seismology, astrophysics, astronomy, and biology
Arctowski King George Island   Poland Polish Academy of Sciences 1977 40 40 16 AQ ARC −3 62°09′37″S 58°28′24″W / 62.160140°S 58.473247°W / -62.160140; -58.473247 −1.6 Biology, oceanography, geomorphology, glaciology, magnetism
Arrival Heights Laboratory[12] Ross Island   New Zealand Antarctica New Zealand 1959 AQ +12[a] 77°49′47″S 166°39′45″E / 77.8296661°S 166.6624397°E / -77.8296661; 166.6624397 −19.7 Atmospheric research
Arrival Heights Satellite Station[12] Ross Island   New Zealand Antarctica New Zealand 1959 AQ +12[a] 77°49′49″S 166°39′43″E / 77.830228°S 166.6618581°E / -77.830228; 166.6618581 −19.7
Artigas King George Island   Uruguay Uruguayan Antarctic Institute 1984 60 9 8 AQ ART −3 62°11′04″S 58°54′14″W / 62.184444°S 58.903889°W / -62.184444; -58.903889 −0.9 Geodesy, glaciology, ionosphere, stratospheric ozone monitoring
Arturo Prat Greenwich Island   Chile Chilean Navy 1947 30 30 8 AQ APT −3 62°28′44″S 59°39′52″W / 62.478889°S 59.664444°W / -62.478889; -59.664444 −2.0 Ionospheric and meteorologic research
Belgrano II Coats Land   Argentina Instituto Antartico Argentino 1979 20 24 19 AQ BEL −3 77°52′25″S 34°37′39″W / 77.873696°S 34.627588°W / -77.873696; -34.627588 −13.3 Solar radiation, seismography, geodey
Bellingshausen King George Island   Russia Russian Antarctic Expedition 1968 40 40 20 AQ BHN −3 62°11′55″S 58°57′38″W / 62.198591°S 58.960547°W / -62.198591; -58.960547 −2.3 Biology, ecology, flora (lichen studies), hydrology, ornithology
Bharati Larsemann Hills   India National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research 2012 47 46 23 AQ +5:30 69°24′29″S 76°11′14″E / 69.408030°S 76.187361°E / -69.408030; 76.187361 −10.2 Oceanography, geology
Carlini King George Island   Argentina Instituto Antartico Argentino 1953 80 80 29 AQ JUB −3 62°14′18″S 58°40′04″W / 62.238251°S 58.667764°W / -62.238251; -58.667764 −1.6 Seismography, biology, oceanography
Casey Vincennes Bay   Australia Australian Antarctic Division 1957 99 99 21 AQ CAS +8[a] 66°16′57″S 110°31′36″E / 66.282514°S 110.526613°E / -66.282514; 110.526613 −5.9 Bedrock geology, marine biology
Comandante Ferraz King George Island   Brazil Brazilian Antarctic Program 1984 64 35 15 AQ CFZ −3 62°05′07″S 58°23′29″W / 62.085379°S 58.391513°W / -62.085379; -58.391513 −1.8 Greenhouse effect, ozone layer
Concordia Dome C, Antarctic Plateau   Italy
  France
National Antarctic Research Program, IPEV 2005 80 70 13 AQ CON +8[a] 75°05′59″S 123°19′56″E / 75.099780°S 123.332196°E / -75.099780; 123.332196 −51.7 Human biology, glaciology, astronomy
Davis Princess Elizabeth Land   Australia Australian Antarctic Division 1957 91 91 17 AQ DAV +7 68°34′36″S 77°58′03″E / 68.576667°S 77.9675°E / -68.576667; 77.9675 −7.3 Virology, geology, climate change
Dumont d'Urville Adélie Land   France IPEV 1956 90 90 24 AQ DDU +10 66°39′46″S 140°00′04″E / 66.662778°S 140.001111°E / -66.662778; 140.001111 −11.1 Atmospheric chemistry, geophysics, ozone depletion
Eco-Nelson Nelson Island   Czech Republic Private station 1988 8 5 5 AQ −3 62°14′46″S 58°58′57″W / 62.2462135°S 58.9823663°W / -62.2462135; -58.9823663 −2.3
Eduardo Frei and Villa Las Estrellas King George Island   Chile Chilean Air Force 1969 150 150 80 AQ −3 62°12′01″S 58°57′45″W / 62.200233°S 58.962633°W / -62.200233; -58.962633 −2.3 Meteorology
Escudero King George Island   Chile Instituto Antártico Chileno 1995 90 60 2 AQ ESC −3 62°12′05″S 58°57′44″W / 62.201382°S 58.962358°W / -62.201382; -58.962358 −2.3
Esperanza Hope Bay   Argentina Instituto Antartico Argentino 1953 90 116 56 AQ ESP −3 63°23′54″S 56°59′46″W / 63.3983333°S 56.9961111°W / -63.3983333; -56.9961111 −4.6 Limnology, glaciology, seismology, oceanography, geology
GARS [de] Cape Legoupil   Germany German Aerospace Center 1991 10 AQ 63°19′15″S 57°54′02″W / 63.320873°S 57.900615°W / -63.320873; -57.900615 −3.9
General Bernardo O'Higgins Cape Legoupil   Chile Chilean Army 1948 60 52 24 AQ OHG −3 63°19′15″S 57°53′59″W / 63.320951°S 57.899781°W / -63.320951; -57.899781 −3.9
Great Wall King George Island   China Polar Research Institute of China 1985 60 60 13 AQ GWL −3 62°13′01″S 58°57′43″W / 62.216838°S 58.961855°W / -62.216838; -58.961855 −2.5
Jang Bogo Terra Nova Bay   South Korea Korea Polar Research Institute 2014 62 62 23 AQ JBS +11 74°37′26″S 164°13′44″E / 74.624015°S 164.228815°E / -74.624015; 164.228815 −15.1
Halley Brunt Ice Shelf   United Kingdom British Antarctic Survey[13] 2013 52 70 17 AQ HLY −3 75°36′45″S 26°11′52″W / 75.6125011°S 26.1977126°W / -75.6125011; -26.1977126 −18.5 Earth's atmosphere, ozone hole
King Sejong King George Island   South Korea Korea Polar Research Institute 1988 68 68 22 AQ KSG −3 62°13′22″S 58°47′18″W / 62.222803°S 58.788256°W / -62.222803; -58.788256 −1.8 Meteorology, oceanography
Maitri Schirmacher Oasis   India National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research 1989 65 45 25 AQ MTR +5:30 70°46′00″S 11°43′55″E / 70.766667°S 11.731944°E / -70.766667; 11.731944 −9.7 Biology, glaciology, earth science, meteorology
Marambio Marambio Island   Argentina Instituto Antartico Argentino 1969 165 165 70 AQ MRB −3 64°14′28″S 56°37′36″W / 64.241014°S 56.626753°W / -64.241014; -56.626753 −8.1 Paleontology, stratigraphy, sedimentology, cryology, geodosy
Mawson Mac Robertson Land   Australia Australian Antarctic Division 1954 53 53 15 AQ MAW +6 67°36′10″S 62°52′25″E / 67.602746°S 62.873726°E / -67.602746; 62.873726 −8.3 Detection cosmic ray, geomagnetism, biology
McMurdo Ross Island   United States United States Antarctic Program 1956 1200 1000 153 AQ MCM +12[a] 77°50′47″S 166°40′06″E / 77.846323°S 166.668235°E / -77.846323; 166.668235 −17.3 aeronomy, astrophysics, biology, geophysics, glacial geology, ocean and climate systems
Mirny Davis Sea   Russia Russian Antarctic Expedition 1956 50 50 25 AQ MIR +6 66°33′11″S 93°00′35″E / 66.553122°S 93.009724°E / -66.553122; 93.009724 −11.3 Glaciology, seismology, meteorology, observation of polar lights, cosmic radiation, marine biology
Neumayer III Atka Bay   Germany Alfred Wegener Institute 2009 60 60 9 AQ NEU 0 70°40′28″S 8°16′27″W / 70.674444°S 8.274167°W / -70.674444; -8.274167 −16.0 Meteorology, geophysics, atmospheric chemistry, infrasound
Novolazarevskaya Queen Maud Land   Russia Russian Antarctic Expedition 1961 70 70 40 AQ NOV 0 70°46′37″S 11°49′26″E / 70.776944°S 11.823889°E / -70.776944; 11.823889 −10.3
Orcadas Laurie Island, South Orkney Islands   Argentina Instituto Antartico Argentino, Argentine Navy 1903 65 35 17 AQ ORC −3 60°44′17″S 44°44′16″W / 60.737963°S 44.737891°W / -60.737963; -44.737891 −3.0 Continental glaciology, seismology, sea-ice-zone glaciology, meteorology
Palmer Anvers Island   United States United States Antarctic Program 1968 46 44 13 AQ PLM −3 64°46′27″S 64°03′10″W / 64.774230°S 64.052718°W / -64.774230; -64.052718 −1.8 Marine biology, seismology, heliophysics
Progress Prydz Bay   Russia Russian Antarctic Expedition 1988 50 50 25 AQ PRO −5 69°22′51″S 76°23′25″E / 69.380833°S 76.390278°E / -69.380833; 76.390278 −9.4
Rothera[14] Adelaide Island   United Kingdom British Antarctic Survey 1975 136 160 27 AQ ROT −3 67°34′08″S 68°07′30″W / 67.568783°S 68.125028°W / -67.568783; -68.125028 −5.3 Biology
San Martín Barry Island   Argentina Instituto Antartico Argentino 1951 21 19 21 AQ SMT −3 68°07′48″S 67°06′05″W / 68.130043°S 67.101311°W / -68.130043; -67.101311 −4.6 Geomagnetism, phytoplankton biology, geodesy, glaciology
SANAE IV Vesleskarvet, Queen Maud Land   South Africa South African National Antarctic Programme 1997 80 110 15 AQ SNA +2 71°40′25″S 2°49′43″W / 71.673611°S 2.828611°W / -71.673611; -2.828611 −16.5 Oceanography, geology, geoformology
Scott Base Ross Island   New Zealand Antarctica New Zealand 1957 86 78 11 AQ SBA +12[a] 77°50′57″S 166°46′06″E / 77.849132°S 166.768196°E / -77.849132; 166.768196 −19.6
Showa East Ongul Island   Japan National Institute of Polar Research 1957 130 170 40 AQ SYW +3 69°00′15″S 39°34′55″E / 69.004122°S 39.581836°E / -69.004122; 39.581836 −10.5 PANSY incoherent scatter radar
Troll Queen Maud Land   Norway Norwegian Polar Institute 1990 70 45 7 AQ TRL 0 72°00′42″S 2°32′06″E / 72.011662°S 2.535138°E / -72.011662; 2.535138 −18.0 Organic and inorganic pollution, ozone depletion
Vernadsky Galindez Island   Ukraine
  United Kingdom
National Antarctic Scientific Center of Ukraine 1994 24 30 12 AQ VKY −3 65°14′45″S 64°15′28″W / 65.245791°S 64.257786°W / -65.245791; -64.257786 −3.3 Climatolgy
Vostok Antarctic Ice Sheet   Russia Russian Antarctic Expedition 1957 30 30 15 AQ VOS +6 78°27′52″S 106°50′14″E / 78.4644222°S 106.8373278°E / -78.4644222; 106.8373278 −55.2 Ice core drill, magnetometry, climatology
Zhongshan Larsemann Hills, Prydz Bay   China Polar Research Institute of China 1989 60 60 17 AQ ZGN +7 69°22′25″S 76°22′18″E / 69.373587°S 76.371652°E / -69.373587; 76.371652 −11.2 Glaciology, geology

Subantarctic stationsEdit

Name Location Country Admin. Year est. Max. pers. Summer pop. Winter pop. LOCODE UTC offset Coord. Mean annual temp. (°C) Activities
Alfred Faure Île de la Possession   France French Polar Institute 1963 1 45 24 TF +5 46°25′56″S 51°51′30″E / 46.43222°S 51.85833°E / -46.43222; 51.85833 5.3 Meteorology, seismology, biology
Bird[15] Bird Island   United Kingdom British Antarctic Survey 1957 2 10 4 GS −2 54°00′30″S 38°03′06″W / 54.008333°S 38.051667°W / -54.008333; -38.051667 −0.2 Bird and seal research
Campbell Campbell Island   New Zealand MetService 1946 3 0 0 NZ +12[a] 52°33′04″S 169°09′04″E / 52.550973°S 169.150981°E / -52.550973; 169.150981 7.0 Meteorology, unmanned
Gough Gough Island   South Africa South African Weather Service 1956 4 10 10 SH TDC 0 40°20′58″S 9°52′49″W / 40.349353°S 9.880367°W / -40.349353; -9.880367 11.5 Meteorology
King Edward Point[16] King Edward Point   United Kingdom British Antarctic Survey 1950 5 22 12 GS −2 54°17′00″S 36°29′42″W / 54.283333°S 36.495°W / -54.283333; -36.495 1.6 Support sustainable fishing
Macquarie Macquarie Island   Australia Australian Antarctic Division 1948 6 40 16 AU MQI +10[a] 54°29′56″S 158°56′20″E / 54.498889°S 158.938889°E / -54.498889; 158.938889 4.9 Meteorology, biology
Marion Prince Edward Islands   South Africa South African National Antarctic Programme 1948 7 18 18 ZA +3 46°52′32″S 37°51′31″E / 46.875460°S 37.858540°E / -46.875460; 37.858540 5.5 Meteorology, biology
Port-aux-Français Kerguelen Islands   France French Polar Institute 1963 8 120 45 TF PFR +5 49°21′00″S 70°13′08″E / 49.35°S 70.218889°E / -49.35; 70.218889 5.2 Meteorology, geophysics, biology

Summer-only active stationsEdit

Name Location Country Admin. Year est. Max. pers. Summer pop. LOCODE UTC offset Coord. Mean annual temp. (°C) Activities
Aboa Queen Maud Land   Finland Finnish Antarctic Research Program 1988 17 13 AQ ABA 73°02′32″S 13°24′26″W / 73.042283°S 13.407350°W / -73.042283; -13.407350 −15.3
Beaver Lake[17] Beaver Lake   Australia Australian Antarctic Division 1995 AQ 70°47′42″S 68°10′08″E / 70.795115°S 68.168909°E / -70.795115; 68.168909
Brown Paradise Harbor   Argentina Instituto Antártico Argentino 1951 12 12 AQ −3 64°53′44″S 62°52′15″W / 64.895476°S 62.870905°W / -64.895476; -62.870905 −2.4 Biology, bacteriology, limnology, oceanographic
Cámara Half Moon Island   Argentina Instituto Antartico Argentino 1953 22 20 AQ −3 62°35′41″S 59°55′07″W / 62.594847°S 59.918558°W / -62.594847; -59.918558 −2.4
Carvajal Adelaide Island   Chile Instituto Antártico Chileno 1984 46 46 AQ 67°45′40″S 68°54′52″W / 67.761201°S 68.914365°W / -67.761201; -68.914365 −9.8
Collins Fildes Peninsula   Chile Instituto Antártico Chileno 2006 6 AQ 62°10′09″S 58°51′07″W / 62.169250°S 58.851852°W / -62.169250; -58.851852
Dallmann Carlini Station   Germany Alfred Wegener Institute 1994 16 16 AQ 62°14′15″S 58°40′00″W / 62.237609°S 58.666716°W / -62.237609; -58.666716 −2.4 Biology, geology, oceanography
Deception Deception Island   Argentina Instituto Antartico Argentino 1948 36 18 AQ −3 62°58′31″S 60°41′52″W / 62.975284°S 60.697771°W / -62.975284; -60.697771 −3.0 Seismology, ionosphere
Dirck Gerritsz Laboratory Rothera Station   Netherlands British Antarctic Survey, Netherlands Polar Programme 2013 10 10 AQ 67°34′15″S 68°07′41″W / 67.57083°S 68.12803°W / -67.57083; -68.12803 −5.0 Climatology
Dobrowolski Bunger Hills, Wilkes Land   Poland Polish Academy of Sciences 1956 10 10 AQ 66°16′28″S 100°45′00″E / 66.274514°S 100.749889°E / -66.274514; 100.749889 −9.1
E Base Fimbul Ice Shelf   South Africa 1985 AQ 70°18′00″S 2°26′00″W / 70.3°S 2.433333°W / -70.3; -2.433333
Elichiribehety Hope Bay   Uruguay Uruguayan Antarctic Institute 1945 8 7 AQ 63°24′09″S 56°59′27″W / 63.402478°S 56.990707°W / -63.402478; -56.990707 −4.8
Gabriel de Castilla Deception Island   Spain Spanish National Research Council 1989 36 33 AQ GDC 62°58′37″S 60°40′31″W / 62.976951°S 60.675305°W / -62.976951; -60.675305 −0.7 Geomagnetism, marine biology, geology, seismology
Gondwana Transantarctic Mountains   Germany Alfred Wegener Institute 1983 AQ 74°38′07″S 164°13′19″E / 74.635399°S 164.222014°E / -74.635399; 164.222014
González Videla Waterboat Point, Graham Land   Chile Chilean Air Force 1951 15 15 AQ 64°49′26″S 62°51′25″W / 64.823954°S 62.857077°W / -64.823954; -62.857077 −6.7
Guillermo Mann Cape Shirreff   Chile Instituto Antártico Chileno 1991 8 8 AQ 62°28′12″S 60°46′16″W / 62.46998°S 60.7711°W / -62.46998; -60.7711 0.4
Jinnah Sør Rondane Mountains, Queen Maud Land   Pakistan Pakistan Antarctic Programme 1991 AQ 70°24′S 25°45′E / 70.4°S 25.75°E / -70.4; 25.75
Juan Carlos I South Bay, Livingston Island   Spain Spanish National Research Council 1988 50 27 AQ JCP −3 62°39′47″S 60°23′17″W / 62.663138°S 60.387992°W / -62.663138; -60.387992 −1.2
Julio Ripamonti Ardley Island   Chile Instituto Antártico Chileno 1982 4 AQ -3 62°12′36″S 58°56′03″W / 62.210104°S 58.934225°W / -62.210104; -58.934225
Kohnen Queen Maud Land   Germany Alfred Wegener Institute 2001 28 6 AQ KHN 75°00′07″S 0°04′00″E / 75.001882°S 0.066792°E / -75.001882; 0.066792 −42.2
Kunlun Dome A   China Polar Research Institute of China 2009 26 26 AQ 80°25′02″S 77°06′58″E / 80.417139°S 77.116111°E / -80.417139; 77.116111 −51.4
Law-Racoviță-Negoiță Larsemann Hills, Princess Elizabeth Land   Romania Romanian Polar Research Institute 1986 13 AQ LAW 69°23′19″S 76°22′51″E / 69.388622°S 76.380813°E / -69.388622; 76.380813
Lenie Admiralty Bay   United States United States Antarctic Program 1985 2 AQ 62°10′42″S 58°26′45″W / 62.1783333°S 58.4458333°W / -62.1783333; -58.4458333
Machu Picchu Admiralty Bay, King George Island   Peru Instituto Antártico Peruano[18] 1989 30 30 AQ 62°05′29″S 58°28′12″W / 62.091497°S 58.469905°W / -62.091497; -58.469905 −2.1
Maldonado Greenwich Island   Ecuador Instituto Antártico Ecuatoriano 1990 34 32 AQ 62°26′57″S 59°44′29″W / 62.449056°S 59.741389°W / -62.449056; -59.741389
Matienzo Graham Land   Argentina Instituto Antartico Argentino 1961 12 12 AQ −3 64°58′32″S 60°04′17″W / 64.975659°S 60.071501°W / -64.975659; -60.071501 −5.0
Melchior Melchior Islands   Argentina Instituto Antartico Argentino 1947 15 12 AQ −3 64°19′33″S 62°58′36″W / 64.325705°S 62.976733°W / -64.325705; -62.976733 −2.9
Mendel James Ross Island   Czech Republic Masaryk University 2007 20 20 AQ 63°48′02″S 57°52′56″W / 63.800623°S 57.882178°W / -63.800623; -57.882178 −6.8
Mizuho Mizuho Plateau   Japan National Institute of Polar Research 1970 AQ 70°41′57″S 44°16′45″E / 70.699174°S 44.279057°E / -70.699174; 44.279057 −31
Molodyozhnaya Thala Hills, East Antarctica   Russia Russian Antarctic Expedition 1962 15 15 AQ 67°39′57″S 45°50′28″E / 67.6659°S 45.841143°E / -67.6659; 45.841143 −11.0
Petrel Dundee Island   Argentina Instituto Antartico Argentino 1967 45 25 AQ −3 63°28′41″S 56°13′44″W / 63.477947°S 56.228753°W / -63.477947; -56.228753 −7.1
Port Lockroy[19] Goudier Island   United Kingdom United Kingdom Antarctic Heritage Trust 1944 4 AQ 64°49′31″S 63°29′37″W / 64.825276°S 63.493688°W / -64.825276; -63.493688
Primavera Graham Land   Argentina Instituto Antartico Argentino 1977 18 18 AQ −3 64°09′21″S 60°57′19″W / 64.155766°S 60.955183°W / -64.155766; -60.955183 −3.0
Princess Elisabeth Queen Maud Land   Belgium International Polar Foundation 2007 40 22 AQ 71°57′00″S 23°20′49″E / 71.949944°S 23.347079°E / -71.949944; 23.347079 −18.0
Risopatrón Robert Island   Chile Instituto Antártico Chileno 1949 6 AQ 62°22′42″S 59°42′03″W / 62.378333°S 59.700833°W / -62.378333; -59.700833 −2.3
Shirreff Cape Shirreff   United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 1996 6 AQ 62°28′12″S 60°46′17″W / 62.46994°S 60.77136°W / -62.46994; -60.77136
Signy[20] Signy Island, South Orkney Islands   United Kingdom British Antarctic Survey 1947 8 14 AQ SGN 60°42′30″S 45°35′42″W / 60.708333°S 45.595°W / -60.708333; -45.595 −2.1
St. Kliment Ohridski Emona Anchorage, Livingston Island   Bulgaria Bulgarian Antarctic Institute 1988 22 22 AQ −3 62°38′27″S 60°21′53″W / 62.6409284°S 60.3646792°W / -62.6409284; -60.3646792 −1.0
Svea Queen Maud Land   Sweden Swedish Polar Research Secretariat 1988 5 AQ 74°35′00″S 11°13′00″W / 74.583333°S 11.216667°W / -74.583333; -11.216667
Taishan[21] Princess Elizabeth Land   China Polar Research Institute of China 2014 20 20 AQ 73°51′50″S 76°58′27″E / 73.863889°S 76.974167°E / -73.863889; 76.974167 −30.3
TARS Horseshoe Island   Turkey Turkish Polar Research Program 2019 50 26 AQ 67°49′46″S 67°14′13″W / 67.8295033°S 67.2368349°W / -67.8295033; -67.2368349
Tor Queen Maud Land   Norway Norwegian Polar Institute 1993 7 AQ TOR 71°53′22″S 5°09′34″E / 71.889477°S 5.159545°E / -71.889477; 5.159545
Union Glacier Union Glacier   Chile Chilean Army, Chilean Navy, Chilean Air Force, Instituto Antártico Chileno 2014 70 AQ −3 79°46′05″S 83°15′42″W / 79.768036°S 83.261666°W / -79.768036; -83.261666 (Joint Scientific Polar Station "Union Glacier" (Chile))
Vanda Victoria Land   New Zealand Antarctica New Zealand 1969 8 AQ 77°31′00″S 161°40′00″E / 77.516667°S 161.666667°E / -77.516667; 161.666667 −19.7
Vechernyaya [be][22] Mount Vechernyaya, Thala Hills   Belarus National Academy of Sciences of Belarus 2007 12 11 AQ 67°39′35″S 46°09′18″E / 67.659722°S 46.155°E / -67.659722; 46.155
Wasa Queen Maud Land   Sweden Swedish Polar Research Secretariat 1989 20 13 AQ WSA 73°02′24″S 13°23′55″W / 73.039901°S 13.398584°W / -73.039901; -13.398584 −15.3
Yelcho South Bay, Doumer Island   Chile Instituto Antártico Chileno 1962 28 28 AQ 64°52′33″S 63°35′01″W / 64.87591°S 63.583721°W / -64.87591; -63.583721 2.0
Zucchelli Terra Nova Bay   Italy National Antarctic Research Program, ENEA, CNR 1986 120 120 AQ MZU +12[a][23] 74°41′39″S 164°06′50″E / 74.694206°S 164.113869°E / -74.694206; 164.113869 −14.0

Maps of active stationsEdit

Active research stations on the Antarctic Peninsula, except the South Shetland Islands. Red squares represent summer-only stations.

Inactive stationsEdit

Name Location Country Admin. Year est. Type LOCODE UTC offset Coord. Mean annual temp. (°C) Year closed Status
Aguirre Cerda Deception Island   Chile Instituto Antártico Chileno 1955 Summer AQ 62°56′01″S 60°35′45″W / 62.933704°S 60.5958931°W / -62.933704; -60.5958931 1967 Closed
Arturo Parodi Ellsworth Land   Chile Instituto Antártico Chileno 1999 Summer AQ 80°18′15″S 81°23′13″W / 80.304170°S 81.3870573°W / -80.304170; -81.3870573 2014 Relocated to Union Glacier
Asuka Queen Maud Land   Japan National Institute of Polar Research 1985 Summer AQ 71°31′33″S 24°06′41″E / 71.525950°S 24.111409°E / -71.525950; 24.111409 1991 Unmanned activity
Belgrano I Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf   Argentina Instituto Antártico Argentino 1955 Permanent AQ −3 77°46′S 38°11′W / 77.767°S 38.183°W / -77.767; -38.183 1980 Abandoned
Belgrano III Berkner Island   Argentina Instituto Antártico Argentino 1980 Permanent AQ −3 77°54′02″S 45°47′01″W / 77.900556°S 45.783611°W / -77.900556; -45.783611 1984 Abandoned
Borga Borg Massif   South Africa South African National Antarctic Programme 1969 Summer AQ 72°58′00″S 3°48′00″W / 72.966667°S 3.8°W / -72.966667; -3.8 1976 Closed
Brockton Ross Ice Shelf   United States United States Navy 1965 Summer AQ 80°02′00″S 178°42′00″W / 80.033333°S 178.7°W / -80.033333; -178.7 1972 Abandoned
Byrd Marie Byrd Land   United States United States Antarctic Program 1957 Summer AQ 80°00′53″S 119°33′56″W / 80.01472°S 119.56556°W / -80.01472; -119.56556 −28.1 2005 Closed
Charcot[24] Adélie Land   France French Polar Institute 1957 Permanent AQ 69°22′30″S 139°01′00″E / 69.375°S 139.016667°E / -69.375; 139.016667 1959 Closed, abandoned
Dakshin Gangotri Dakshin Gangotri Glacier   India National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research 1984 Permanent AQ 69°24′24″S 76°11′36″E / 69.406752°S 76.193379°E / -69.406752; 76.193379 1990 Closed, support base
Dome Fuji Queen Maud Land   Japan National Institute of Polar Research 1995 Summer AQ DMF 77°18′59″S 39°42′04″E / 77.316285°S 39.701049°E / -77.316285; 39.701049 −54.3 2019 Closed
Drescher Queen Maud Land   Germany Alfred Wegener Institute 1986 Summer AQ 72°50′00″S 19°02′00″W / 72.833333°S 19.033333°W / -72.833333; -19.033333 2016 Closed
Druzhba Zavadovskiy Island   Soviet Union Soviet Antarctic Expedition 1960 Summer AQ 66°43′00″S 86°24′00″E / 66.716667°S 86.4°E / -66.716667; 86.4 1960 Closed
Druzhnaya I Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf   Soviet Union Soviet Antarctic Expedition 1975 Summer AQ 77°34′00″S 40°13′00″W / 77.566667°S 40.216667°W / -77.566667; -40.216667 1986 Closed, lost
Druzhnaya II Lassiter Coast   Soviet Union Soviet Antarctic Expedition 1982 Summer AQ 75°36′00″S 57°52′00″W / 75.6°S 57.866667°W / -75.6; -57.866667 1986 Closed
Druzhnaya III Queen Maud Land   Soviet Union Soviet Antarctic Expedition 1982 Summer AQ 71°06′00″S 10°49′00″W / 71.1°S 10.816667°W / -71.1; -10.816667 1991 Closed
Druzhnaya IV [ru] Princess Elizabeth Land   Russia Soviet Antarctic Expedition, Russian Antarctic Expedition 1987 Summer AQ DRZ 69°44′00″S 73°42′00″E / 69.7333333°S 73.7°E / -69.7333333; 73.7 2013 Closed
East Base Stonington Island   United States United States Antarctic Service Expedition 1941 Permanent AQ 68°11′02″S 66°59′53″W / 68.183841°S 66.998158°W / -68.183841; -66.998158 1948 Closed
Eights Ellsworth Land[25]   United States National Science Foundation 1963 Permanent AQ 75°14′00″S 77°10′00″W / 75.233333°S 77.166667°W / -75.233333; -77.166667Coordinates: 75°14′00″S 77°10′00″W / 75.233333°S 77.166667°W / -75.233333; -77.166667 1965 Closed
Ellsworth Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf   United States
  Argentina
United States Navy, Instituto Antártico Argentino 1957 Permanent AQ 77°39′00″S 41°02′00″W / 77.65°S 41.033333°W / -77.65; -41.033333 −22 1962 Closed
Faraday[26] Galindez Island   United Kingdom British Antarctic Survey 1947 Permanent AQ 65°14′45″S 64°15′28″W / 65.245791°S 64.257786°W / -65.245791; -64.257786 −3.3 1996 Closed
Filchner Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf   Germany Alfred Wegener Institute 1982 Summer AQ 77°06′00″S 50°24′00″W / 77.10000°S 50.4000°W / -77.10000; -50.4000 1999 Abandoned, lost
Georg Forster Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf   Germany Alfred Wegener Institute 1976 Permanent AQ 70°46′39″S 11°50′56″E / 70.777493°S 11.848847°E / -70.777493; 11.848847 1993 Closed
Georg-von-Neumayer [de] Princess Martha Coast   Germany Alfred Wegener Institute 1981 Permanent AQ NEU 70°39′05″S 8°15′47″W / 70.651509°S 8.263172°W / -70.651509; -8.263172 1993 Closed
Giacomo Bove[27] Italia Valley   Italy Private station 1976 Summer AQ BGB 62°10′05″S 58°30′18″W / 62.168055°S 58.505071°W / -62.168055; -58.505071 1976 Dismantled by the Argentine Navy
Hallett Hallett Peninsula   United States
  New Zealand
International Geophysical Year 1956 Summer AQ 72°19′00″S 170°16′00″E / 72.316667°S 170.266667°E / -72.316667; 170.266667 1973 Closed
King Baudouin (first station) Princess Ragnhild Coast   Belgium National Center for Polar Research 1957 Permanent AQ 70°25′33″S 24°19′00″E / 70.425833°S 24.316667°E / -70.425833; 24.316667 1961 Closed, abandoned
King Baudouin (second station) Princess Ragnhild Coast   Belgium
  Netherlands
National Center for Polar Research 1964 Permanent AQ 70°25′33″S 24°19′00″E / 70.425833°S 24.316667°E / -70.425833; 24.316667 1967 Closed, abandoned
Komsomolskaya Queen Mary Land   Soviet Union Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute 1957 Permanent AQ 74°06′S 94°30′E / 74.1°S 94.5°E / -74.1; 94.5 −52 1962 Closed
Lázarev Lazarev Ice Shelf   Soviet Union Russian Antarctic Expedition 1959 Permanent AQ 69°58′00″S 12°55′00″E / 69.966667°S 12.916667°E / -69.966667; 12.916667 1961 Closed, abandoned
Leningradskaya Oates Coast, Victoria Land   Russia Russian Antarctic Expedition 1971 Summer AQ 69°30′05″S 159°23′31″E / 69.501333°S 159.391840°E / -69.501333; 159.391840 −14.2 1991 Closed
Little America Ross Ice Shelf   United States United States Navy 1929 Permanent AQ 78°12′S 162°12′W / 78.2°S 162.2°W / -78.2; -162.2 −22 1987 Lost
Little Rockford Marie Byrd Land   United States United States Navy 1958 Summer AQ 79°30′00″S 147°19′00″W / 79.5°S 147.316667°W / -79.5; -147.316667 1965 Closed, abandoned
Maudheim Queen Maud Land   Norway
  Sweden
  United Kingdom
Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition 1949 Permanent AQ 71°03′00″S 10°56′00″W / 71.05°S 10.933333°W / -71.05; -10.933333 1952 Closed
Mir Drygalski Island   Soviet Union Russian Antarctic Expedition 1958 Summer AQ 65°45′S 92°30′E / 65.75°S 92.5°E / -65.75; 92.5 1960 Closed
Neumayer II Queen Maud Land   Germany Alfred Wegener Institute 1992 Permanent AQ NEU 70°38′16″S 8°15′42″W / 70.637847°S 8.261744°W / -70.637847; -8.261744 2009 Closed
Norway Fimbul Ice Shelf   Norway Sixth Norwegian Antarctic Expedition 1957 Permanent AQ 70°30′S 2°30′W / 70.5°S 2.5°W / -70.5; -2.5 1960 Closed
Oazis 2 Bunger Hills   Soviet Union Russian Antarctic Expedition 1987 Summer AQ 66°16′28″S 100°45′00″E / 66.274514°S 100.749889°E / -66.274514; 100.749889 1995 Closed
Pionérskaya Queen Mary Land   Soviet Union Russian Antarctic Expedition 1956 Permanent AQ 69°44′00″S 95°31′00″E / 69.733333°S 95.516667°E / -69.733333; 95.516667 −38 1959 Closed
Plateau Queen Maud Land   United States United States Navy, National Science Foundation 1965 Permanent AQ 79°15′03″S 40°33′38″E / 79.25082°S 40.56042°E / -79.25082; 40.56042 −56.7 1969 Closed
Pobeda Queen Mary Land   Soviet Union Russian Antarctic Expedition 1960 Summer AQ 64°39′S 98°54′E / 64.65°S 98.9°E / -64.65; 98.9 1960 Closed
Pole of inaccessibility Kemp Land   Soviet Union 1958 AQ 82°06′00″S 54°58′00″E / 82.1°S 54.966667°E / -82.1; 54.966667 −58.2 1958 Closed
Port Martin Cape Margerie   France French Antarctic Expedition 1950 Permanent AQ 66°49′06″S 141°24′02″E / 66.818250°S 141.400694°E / -66.818250; 141.400694 1952 Closed
Russkaya Marie Byrd Land   Russia Russian Antarctic Expedition 1980 Summer [b][28] AQ −6[29] 74°46′00″S 136°48′10″W / 74.766755°S 136.802882°W / -74.766755; -136.802882 −12.4 1990 Closed 1990
Salyut Queen Mary Land   Soviet Union Russian Antarctic Expedition 1978 Summer AQ 65°32′00″S 96°30′00″E / 65.533333°S 96.5°E / -65.533333; 96.5 1978 Closed
SANAE I Fimbul Ice Shelf   South Africa South African National Antarctic Programme 1960 Permanent AQ SNA 70°18′00″S 2°22′00″W / 70.3°S 2.366667°W / -70.3; -2.366667 1963 Closed, abandoned
SANAE II Fimbul Ice Shelf   South Africa South African National Antarctic Programme 1971 Permanent AQ SNA 70°18′00″S 2°22′00″W / 70.3°S 2.366667°W / -70.3; -2.366667 1979 Closed, abandoned
SANAE III Fimbul Ice Shelf   South Africa South African National Antarctic Programme 1979 Permanent AQ SNA 70°18′00″S 2°22′00″W / 70.3°S 2.366667°W / -70.3; -2.366667 1997 Closed, abandoned
Sarie Marais Ahlmann Ridge   South Africa South African National Antarctic Programme 1982 Summer AQ 72°01′35″S 2°48′18″W / 72.026389°S 2.805°W / -72.026389; -2.805 1999 Closed, dismantled (2001)
Site 2 Law Dome   United States 1957 Summer AQ 66°30′07″S 113°12′09″E / 66.501944°S 113.2025°E / -66.501944; 113.2025 1996 Closed, abandoned
Siple Ellsworth Land   United States Stanford University's STAR Lab 1973 Summer AQ 75°55′00″S 83°55′00″W / 75.916667°S 83.916667°W / -75.916667; -83.916667 1988 Closed
Sobral Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf   Argentina Instituto Antártico Argentino 1965 Permanent AQ 81°04′45″S 40°31′12″W / 81.07917°S 40.52000°W / -81.07917; -40.52000 1968 Closed
Sodrúzhestvo Amery Ice Shelf   Soviet Union Russian Antarctic Expedition 1971 Summer AQ 69°43′00″S 73°44′00″E / 69.716667°S 73.733333°E / -69.716667; 73.733333 1974 Closed
South Ice Edith Ronne Land   United Kingdom Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition 1957 Permanent AQ 82°05′00″S 30°00′00″W / 82.083333°S 30.0°W / -82.083333; -30.0 1958 Closed, abandoned
Sovetskaya Kaiser Wilhelm II Land   Soviet Union Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute 1958 Permanent AQ 77°58′00″S 89°16′00″E / 77.966667°S 89.266667°E / -77.966667; 89.266667 1959 Closed, abandoned
Soyuz Prince Charles Mountains   Soviet Union Russian Antarctic Expedition 1982 Permanent AQ +5 70°34′36″S 68°47′30″E / 70.576667°S 68.791667°E / -70.576667; 68.791667 1989 Closed
Station B[30] Deception Island   United Kingdom Falkland Islands and Dependencies Aerial Survey Expedition 1944 Permanent AQ 62°58′38″S 60°33′50″W / 62.977231°S 60.563809°W / -62.977231; -60.563809 1969 Closed
Station C[31] Cape Geddes   United Kingdom British Antarctic Survey 1946 Summer AQ 60°41′16″S 44°34′24″W / 60.687642°S 44.573196°W / -60.687642; -44.573196 1947 Closed, abandoned
Station D[32] Hope Bay   United Kingdom British Antarctic Survey 1945 Permanent AQ 63°24′09″S 56°59′27″W / 63.402478°S 56.990707°W / -63.402478; -56.990707 1964 Closed
Station E[33] Stonington Island   United Kingdom British Antarctic Survey 1946 Permanent AQ 68°11′08″S 66°59′41″W / 68.185678°S 66.994815°W / -68.185678; -66.994815 1975 Closed
Station G[34] Admiralty Bay   United Kingdom British Antarctic Survey 1947 Permanent AQ 62°05′14″S 58°23′39″W / 62.087217°S 58.394049°W / -62.087217; -58.394049 1961 Closed
Station J[35] Prospect Point   United Kingdom British Antarctic Survey 1957 Permanent AQ 65°59′55″S 65°19′06″W / 65.998516°S 65.318273°W / -65.998516; -65.318273 1959 Closed, removed (2004)
Station N[36] Anvers Island   United Kingdom British Antarctic Survey 1955 Permanent AQ 64°45′36″S 64°04′48″W / 64.760032°S 64.079991°W / -64.760032; -64.079991 1958 Closed, demolished (1991)
Station O[37] Danco Island   United Kingdom British Antarctic Survey 1956 Permanent AQ 64°44′00″S 62°36′00″W / 64.733333°S 62.600000°W / -64.733333; -62.600000 1959 Closed, demolished (2004)
Station P[38] Mateev Cove   United Kingdom British Antarctic Survey 1957 Summer AQ 62°38′58″S 60°35′25″W / 62.649306°S 60.590278°W / -62.649306; -60.590278 1958 Closed
Station T[39] Adelaide Island   United Kingdom British Antarctic Survey 1961 Permanent AQ 67°45′40″S 68°54′52″W / 67.761201°S 68.914365°W / -67.761201; -68.914365 1977 Closed
Station V[40] View Point   United Kingdom British Antarctic Survey 1953 Permanent AQ 63°33′16″S 57°22′42″W / 63.554392°S 57.378279°W / -63.554392; -57.378279 1963 Closed
Station W[41] Detaille Island   United Kingdom British Antarctic Survey 1956 Permanent AQ 66°52′01″S 66°47′53″W / 66.867006°S 66.797971°W / -66.867006; -66.797971 1959 Closed
Station Y[42] Horseshoe Island   United Kingdom British Antarctic Survey 1955 Permanent AQ 67°48′30″S 67°17′39″W / 67.808285°S 67.294266°W / -67.808285; -67.294266 1960 Closed
Vostok I East Antarctica   Soviet Union Russian Academy of Sciences 1957 Permanent AQ VOS 72°08′00″S 96°35′00″E / 72.133333°S 96.583333°E / -72.133333; 96.583333 1957 Closed, abandoned
Weddell 1 Weddell Sea   Russia Russian Antarctic Expedition, National Science Foundation 1992 Summer AQ 71°48′00″S 51°43′00″W / 71.8°S 51.716667°W / -71.8; -51.716667 1992 Closed
World Park Cape Evans  International Greenpeace 1987 Permanent AQ 77°38′20″S 166°24′50″E / 77.6389°S 166.4139°E / -77.6389; 166.4139 1992 Dismantled

See alsoEdit

NotesEdit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Observes daylight saving time.
  2. ^ It was planned that in 2020, the seasonal field base "Russkaya" would be transformed into another year-round operating station.

ReferencesEdit

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  4. ^ Rudmose Brown, p. 57.
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External linksEdit