Psolus chitonoides, also known as the slipper sea cucumber, armoured sea cucumber, creeping armoured sea cucumber, or creeping pedal sea cucumber,[2] is a species of sea cucumber in the family Psolidae. It is found in shallow water on the western coast of North America. The scientific name "chitonoides" means resembling a chiton.
| Psolus chitonoides | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Echinodermata |
| Class: | Holothuroidea |
| Order: | Dendrochirotida |
| Family: | Psolidae |
| Genus: | Psolus |
| Species: | P. chitonoides
|
| Binomial name | |
| Psolus chitonoides Clark, 1901[1]
| |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Description edit
The slipper sea cucumber has an oval body some 7 cm (3 in) long and 5.8 cm (2.3 in) wide. The upper surface is domed and the under surface or sole is well-equipped with tube feet. A staggered row of large tube feet run along the centre of the sole, one or two rows of stout tube feet run on either side of this near the edge, and a single row of smaller feet set in pits run along the edges of the sole. The mouth, surrounded by a ring of tentacles is at one end of the animal. The tentacles are repeatedly branched and number eight to ten, either all the same size or with two smaller than the rest. The anus is on the dorsal surface on the opposite end to the mouth. The skin is leathery, somewhat spiny, and protected by rows of stiff, overlapping scales. The scales are yellow to bright orange and the tentacles are red with white tips.[2][3]
Discovery edit
Psolus chitonoides was discovered in 1886, in Puget Sound by Columbia University teams.[4]
Distribution and habitat edit
The slipper sea cucumber is found on the western coast of North America, its range extending from the Aleutian Islands to Baja California. It occurs on both exposed coasts and in quiet inlets, in the sublittoral zone down to depths of about 247 m (800 ft). Its soft, pliable sole means that it can stick to rocks and it is commonly found clinging firmly to vertical rock faces.[2]
Ecology edit
The slipper sea cucumber is a suspension feeder, intercepting particles floating past which are then trapped by sticky papillae on its feeding tentacles.[5] It has a high concentration of saponins in its tissues. This makes it toxic and it is avoided by most predatory fish, gastropod molluscs and crabs; its flesh has been shown to be unpalatable to the tidepool sculpin (Oligocottus maculosus).[6] Its main predators are starfish, especially the leather star (Dermasterias imbricata).[6] The juveniles of the species are photo negative.[7] The eggs are a bright red in color.[8]
References edit
- ^ Paulay, Gustav (2015). "Psolus chitonoides Clark, 1901". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
- ^ a b c "Psolus chitonoides". RaceRocks.com. Lester B. Pearson College. 1 February 2002. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
- ^ Lambert, Philip; Royal British Columbia Museum (1997). Sea Cucumbers of British Columbia, Southeast Alaska and Puget Sound. UBC Press. pp. 48–49. ISBN 978-0-7748-0607-7.
- ^ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Psolus chitonoides Clark, 1901". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2021-03-03.
- ^ Fankboner, Peter V. (1978). "Suspension-feeding mechanisms of the armoured sea cucumber Psolus chitinoides Clark". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 31 (1): 11–25. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(78)90133-8.
- ^ a b Bingham, Brian L.; Braithwaite, Lee F. (1986). "Defense adaptations of the dendrochirote holothurian Psolus chitonoides Clark". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 98 (3): 311–322. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(86)90220-0.
- ^ McEuen, F. S.; Chia, F. -S. (1991). "Development and metamorphosis of two psolid sea cucumbers, Psolus chitonoides and Psolidium bullatum, with a review of reproductive patterns in the family Psolidae (Holothuroidea: Echinodermata)". Marine Biology. 109 (2): 267–279. doi:10.1007/BF01319395. ISSN 0025-3162. S2CID 86379769.
- ^ McEuen, F. S.; Chia, F. -S. (1991). "Development and metamorphosis of two psolid sea cucumbers,Psolus chitonoides andPsolidium bullatum, with a review of reproductive patterns in the family Psolidae (Holothuroidea: Echinodermata)". Marine Biology. 109 (2): 267–279. doi:10.1007/BF01319395. ISSN 0025-3162. S2CID 86379769.