Proto-Yeniseian or Proto-Yeniseic is the unattested reconstructed proto-language from which all Yeniseian languages are thought to descend from. It is uncertain whether Proto-Yeniseian had a similar tone/pitch accent system as Ket.[1] Many studies about Proto-Yeniseian phonology have been done, however there are still many things unclear about Proto-Yeniseian.[2] The probable location of the Yeniseian homeland is proposed on the basis of geographic names and genetic studies, which suggests a homeland in Southern Siberia.[3]
| Proto-Yeniseian | |
|---|---|
| PY | |
| Reconstruction of | Yeniseian languages |
Reconstructed ancestor | Proto-Dene-Yeniseian (hypothetical)
|
| Lower-order reconstructions | |
Phonology edit
According to Vajda, Proto-Yeniseian had the following phonemes, expressed in IPA symbols.[4]
Consonants edit
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Labiovelar | Velar | Uvular | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | *m | *n | *ŋʷ | *ŋ | |||||
| Plosive | voiceless | *p | *t | *č [t͡ʃ] | *tʳ [ʈ] | *c | *kʷ | *k | *q |
| voiced | *b | *d | *ǰ [d͡ʒ] | *dʳ [ɖ] | *ɟ | *ɡʷ | *ɡ | *ɢ | |
| Fricative | *s | *š [ʃ] | *šʳ [ʂ] | *ç | *xʷ | *x | *χ | ||
| Lateral | *ɬ | *tɬ | |||||||
| Approximant | *w | *j | |||||||
| Rhotic | *r | ||||||||
Vowels edit
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | *i *ij *iw | *u *uj *uw | |
| Mid | *e *ej *ew | *o *oj *ow | |
| Open | *a *aj *aw |
Vocabulary edit
- *xuɬ ‘water’
- *xuše ‘birch tree’
- *am ‘mother’
- *ejn ‘wedge’
- *qed ‘man’
- *bes ‘rabbit’
- *don ‘knife’
- *kus ‘horse’
- *pub ‘son’
- *bus ‘penis’
- *satʳ ‘crucian (fish)’
- *baŋ ‘land’
- *tijk ‘snow’
- *bejx ‘wind’
- *tɬiwdʳ ‘lard’, ‘oil’
- *ɬaɢa ‘star’
References edit
- ^ "Ket language".
- ^ de la Fuente, José Andrés Alonso (2006). "Proto-Yeniseian ūr₁'water'". Central Asiatic Journal. 50 (1): 3–7. JSTOR 41928405.
- ^ "Yeneseian and Dene hydronyms" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-11-20. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
- ^ Fortescue, Michael D.; Vajda, Edward J. (2022), Mid-Holocene Language Connections Between Asia and North America, (Brill's Studies in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas, 17), Leiden, Boston: Brill.
Further reading edit
- ANDERSON, GREGORY D. S. (2003). "Yeniseic languages from a Siberian areal perspective". STUF - Language Typology and Universals. 56 (1–2): 12–39. doi:10.1524/stuf.2003.56.12.12.
- Bonmann, S.; Fries, S.; Korobzow, N.; Günther, L.; Hill, E. (2023). "Towards a New Reconstruction of the Proto-Yeniseian Sound System. Part I: Word-Initial Consonants". International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics. 5 (1): 39–82. doi:10.1163/25898833-20230037.
- Fries, Simon; Bonmann, Svenja (2023). "The Development of Arin kul 'water' ~ Kott ûl, Ket ¹u·l', Yugh ¹ur and Its Typological Background"". International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics. 5 (2): 183–198. doi:10.1163/25898833-20230044.
- de la Fuente, José Andrés Alonso (2010). "Proto-Yeniseian *dïn ~ *dïñ 'Fir Tree'". Central Asiatic Journal. 54 (1): 12–21. JSTOR 41928529. Accessed 19 June 2023.
- Janhunen, Juha (2012). "Etymological and ethnohistorical aspects of the Yenisei". Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia (SEC). 17 (1): 67–87.
- Starostin, Sergei A.; Ruhlen, Merritt (1994). "Proto-Yeniseian Reconstructions, with Extra-Yeniseian Comparisons". On the Origin of Languages: Studies in Linguistic Taxonomy. Redwood City: Stanford University Press. pp. 70–92. doi:10.1515/9781503622357-006. ISBN 978-1-5036-2235-7.
- Timonina, Lyudmila G. (2004). "On distinguishing loanwords from the original Proto-Yeniseic lexicon". In Vajda, E. J. (ed.). Languages and Prehistory of Central Siberia. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. Vol. 262. pp. 135–142. doi:10.1075/cilt.262.07tim. ISBN 978-90-272-4776-6.
- Vajda, Edward. "Losing semantic alignment: from Proto-Yeniseic to Modern Ket". In: The typology of semantic alignment. Eds. Tim Donohue & Soeren Wichman. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. pp. 140–161. ISBN 9780199238385.
- Vajda, Edward (2022). "Yeniseian Languages". Mid-Holocene Language Connections between Asia and North America. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 246–278. doi:10.1163/9789004436824_013. ISBN 978-90-04-43682-4.
- Vajda, Edward. "8 The Yeniseian language family". The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia: Language Families, edited by Edward Vajda, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, 2024, pp. 365-480. doi:10.1515/9783110556216-008
- М. В. Филимонов. "Праенисейская падежная система и некоторые проблемы морфологии имени в енисейских языках" [PROTO-YENISSEAN CASE SYSTEM AND SOME PROBLEM OF NOUN MORPHOLOGY IN YENISSEAN LANGUAGES]. In: Вестник Томского государственного педагогического университета, no. 4 (12), 1999, pp. 64-66. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/praeniseyskaya-padezhnaya-sistema-i-nekotorye-problemy-morfologii-imeni-v-eniseyskih-yazykah (дата обращения: 19.06.2023). (in Russian)
External links edit
- Proto-Yeniseian reconstructions at Wiktionary