Pratapaditya was a Mughal vassal of Jessore and a powerful Kayastha Zamindar [1]of lower Bengal, before being crushed by the Mughal Empire.[2] He was eulogized by 20th century Bengali nationalists as a Hindu liberator from foreign (Islamic) rule.[3][2]Zamindar of Jessore and one of the Baro Bhuyans of Bengal. His father Srihari Vikramaditya (Sridhara), Bangaja Kulin Kayastha , was an influential officer in the service of the Bengal Sultan Daud Khan Karrani. On the fall of Daud in the hands of the Mughals, Srihari then set up a kingdom for himself in the marshy land to the extreme south of Khulna district (1574) and took the title of Maharaja. Pratapaditya succeeded to the kingship in 1584.
| Pratapaditya Ray | |
|---|---|
| Zamindar of Jessore | |
| Reign | 1584 - 1612 AD |
| Predecessor | Maharaja Srihari(Sridhara) |
| Born | Jessore, Bengal Sultanate (now Khulna, Bangladesh) |
| Died | 1612 AD |
| Father | Shrihari Vikramaditya Chakrabarti(or Sridhara) |
| Religion | Hinduism |
Sources edit
History edit
Three contemporary sources remain — letters of Portuguese Jesuit priests collated in Histoire des lndes Orientales by Father Du Jarric; Baharistan-i-Ghaibi, a history of Bengal by Mirza Nathan; and, travelogues of Abdul Latif.[2][4]
Background edit
Pratapaditya's ancestors were likely based in Satgaon, having migrated from Bakla.[2] His father Shrihari Vikramaditya was an influential officer in the service of Daud Khan Karrani and succeeded Ludi Khan as the wazir c. early 1573;[a] he had been conferred with the title of Raja Vikramaditya by Daud Khan.[2] Upon Daud Khan's defeat by the Mughals in the Battle of Rajmahal, Shrihari fled to the marshes of Khulna — probably with his brother, Janakiballav, who had been awarded the title of Basanta Ray — and refused to submit to the Mughals for a while; their capital was at Dhumghat.[2]
Popular tradition asserts that eventually Todar Mal would confirm their possessions.[2] Sources do not mention Shirhari except in the immediate aftermath of the Battle of Rajmahal; so, it is difficult to speculate about Shrihari's reign but a non-extant inscription imposes a terminus ante quem of c. 1590 for the end of his rule.[2]
Biography edit
Rise to power edit
For about the first decade, Pratapaditya likely ruled in a dyarchy with Basanta Ray.[2] It is believed that c. 1598 - 1600, Pratapaditya had his uncle murdered with support from the Portuguese and ascended to the throne.[2] In return, he allowed the Portuguese Missionaries to settle in his territories; the first Church in Bengal was opened at Dhumghat c. 1600.[2]
Conflict with Portuguese edit
His rule over Jessore coincided with multiple foreign powers — the Portuguese, the Arakanese, and the Mughals — vying for the control of the Bengal delta and entering into fragile alliances with local rulers.[2] In 1602, Dominique Carvalho, a Portuguese war-master in service of Kedar Ray, had occupied the salt-rich port of Sandip which had been seized by the Mughals from the Rays, two years before.[2] However, the inhabitants did not take kindly to Carvalho and rebelled; soon, multiple parties — the Arakans, who helped Carvalho to subdue the rebellion; the Portuguese, who constructed a fort without consent of the Arkakans; the Rays, who felt usurped by the Portuguese; the Mughals, who wished to expand into the East — found themselves embroiled in a regional conflict that spanned for a couple of years.[2] In the end, the Mughals having killed Ray and the Arakans having chased the Portuguese out made the most significant gains.[2]
Pratapaditya appears to have attempted in leveraging this multipolarity to his advantage.[2] In 1605, he invited Carvalho to his kingdom only to have him arrested.[2] Du Jarric accuses Pratapadiya of having entered into a secret treaty with the Arakans to save his own territory; Aniruddha Ray speculates that pleasing the Mughals, who were on the ascendancy, might have been an additional factor.[2] Carvalho's arrest empowered the local Afghans to loot and massacre the Portuguese the same night; even the church was not spared.[2] The next day, Pratapaditya destroyed Carvalho's fleet, arrested the surviving Portuguese, and confiscated all of their properties; after a summary trial, four were put to death and a ransom of eleven thousand rupees was fixed for the rest.[2]
The initial reluctance from the Portuguese to pay the ransom caused consternation in local Hindus who raided the church suspecting the missionaries of Machiavellian tactics.[2] Eventually, once the ransom was paid, Pratapaditya had the Portuguese as well as the Missionaries leave Jessore permanently.[2] However, by 1612 they were again parts of Jessore army and must have entered into a truce sometime in-between.[2]
Mughal Imperialism edit
In 1609, Islam Khan was appointed as the Subehdar of Bengal.[2] Pratap sent his son Sangramaditya to greet Khan, who was inducted into imperial service; it was suggested that Pratap follow suit.[2] In 1609, Pratap met Khan with fifty thousand rupees and other presents, accepting Mughal vassalage and promising military assistance in subduing Musa Khan and other Zamindars in the region.[2][4] The deals was struck at a time when the Mughals were fighting multiple forces in Bengal and in a desperate need for allies.[2] By 1612, most of the rebel Zamindars were subdued and Mughal ascendancy in the region was established.[2] However, citing that Pratap did not help the Mughals in their expeditions, Islam Khan decided to seize Jessore alongside adjacent Bakla; Ray hypothesizes that the Mughals were trying to control the entire span of Hooghly — whose hinterlands were vital from an economic as well as a military perspective — and hence, scoped for opportunities.[4][2] Pratapaditya requested for a pardon and dispatched 80 war-boats under Sangramaditya but in vain; Sangramaditya was captured, and the fleet destroyed.[2][4]
This encounter led Pratapaditya to start preparing for the inevitable.[2] Udayaditya along with the majority of his force was sent away to take a defensive stance on the banks of one Salka river, north of the capital, where a fort was rapidly constructed; a well-equipped navy was put under the command of Khwaja Kamal while the infantry unit was put under Jamal Khan.[2] Despite strategically sound warfare on Udayaditya's part, the face-off ended in a devastating defeat — he, alongside Jamal Khan, barely escaped to Jessore where the rear-guard was being mounted.[2][4] The Mughals continued in their advance and camped at Buranhatty, not far from Jessore.[4] Soon enough, Bakla fell.[2] With Jessore being opened up from all sides, Paratapaditya left for the Mughal camp to offer his submission.[2] However, for reasons unknown, he ditched the plan and the conflict continued.[2] Pratapaditya took, what would be his last stand, about 5 miles north of his capital, in a makeshift fort.[2][4] The defence hold for days before felling to a sudden attack, forcing him to retreat to Jessore and concede defeat.[2][4]
Paratapaditya was treated with respect and taken as a war-prisoner to Dhaka, where Islam Khan had him imprisoned along with his sons.[2] Whereas his sons were released soon, what happened to Pratapaditya is not known; his territory was distributed as jagirs.[2]
In popular culture edit
1750–1850 edit
The earliest extant mention of Pratapaditya in vernacular literature is Annada Mangal, a mid-18th c. historical epic by Raygunakar Bharatchandra.[2] Pratap was a hero, blessed by Kali but vanity and pride hastened his end.[2] This would influence the first historical prose on the subject by Ramram Basu — Pratapaditya Charita.[2] Written as a historical romance novel c. 1800, Basu claimed to be among the heirs of Pratapaditya and used family letters and a Persian manuscript among sources.[2] Both of these works significantly influenced the production of future literature on Pratapaditya; notably, it was caste that played a defining role in the rise and fall of Pratapaditya in these narratives, and communalism was largely absent.[2]
1850–1900 edit
In 1856, Harish Chandra Tarkalankar published The History of Raja Pratapaditya: "The Last King of Sagar lsland", a modernized retelling of Basu's novel.[2] Soon, the British administrators would start taking a keen interest in local history and naturally, Pratapaditya.[2] In 1857, Smyth was the first colonial official to chronicle our subject — he came upon certain ruins in Sunderban, which local legends had attributed to Pratapaditya.[2] 11 years later, Rainey read a paper on Pratapaditya in The Asiatic Society: the contents were borrowed from Tarkalankar's work and Pratapaditya was a hero.[2] The first critical evaluation came in 1874 in Westland's Report of the District of Jessore — in the words of Ray, it was an attempt to "cut Pratap's heroism to size".[2] The same year, were published, three "pioneering essays" by Blochman.[2]
By mid-1870s, Pratapaditya was no longer a unanimous hero — the colonial administration was pushing back against panegyrics.[2] Beveridge's report in 1876 portrayed him to be a "cruel monster" for murdering Carvalho.[2] Falkner deemed him to be an adventurer, not worth more than a footnote.[2]
Notes edit
- ^ Khan was put to death for signing a truce with Munim Khan — the Mughal Subahdar of Jaunpur — during his invasion of Jamania, without Karrani's consent.
References edit
- ^ https://north24parganas.dcourts.gov.in/about-department/history/
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb Ray, Aniruddha (1976). "Case Study of a Revolt in Medieval Bengal: Raja Pratapaditya Roy". In De, Barun (ed.). Essays in Honour of Prof. S.C. Sarkar. Delhi: People's Pub. House.
- ^ Chakrabarty, Dipesh (2015). The Calling of History: Sir Jadunath Sarkar and His Empire of Truth. University of Chicago Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-226-10045-6. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Khan, Muazzam Hussain (2012). "Pratapaditya, Raja". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.