Lieutenant-General Pierre Derksen Steyn SD SM MMM (born 25 November 1942)[2] is a retired South African Air Force officer who served as Secretary for Defence from 1994 to 1998, and as Chief of Defence Force Staff from 1990 to 1993. He is also known as the chair of the Steyn Commission, which from 1992 to 1993 investigated allegations of criminal and third force activity by the apartheid-era South African Defence Force.
Pierre Steyn | |
|---|---|
| Born | 25 November 1942 Bothaville, Orange Free State |
| Allegiance |  South Africa |
| Service/ | South African Air Force |
| Years of service | 1960–1993 (34 years) |
| Rank | Lieutenant General |
| Commands held | |
| Awards |          |
| Alma mater | |
| Spouse(s) | Fiona Gerda Steyn |
| Other work | Secretary of Defence |
Biography edit
Steyn joined the South African Air Force (SAAF) of the South African Defence Force (SADF) in 1960, and in 1963 graduated from the military academy at Stellenbosch University with a BMil.[3][1] He also has an MBL from Unisa (1990) and an LLB from Unisa (2011).[3] He served as SAAF Chief of Operations from 1987 to 1988, as SADF Chief of Staff Personnel from 1989 to 1990, and as Chief of Defence Force Staff from 1990 to 1993.[4] In 1992, President F. W. de Klerk appointed him to chair a commission of inquiry, best known as the Steyn Commission, into possible criminal activity among SADF units.[5] He retired from the military in October 1993, several months after the submission of the Commission's final report.[6][7]
Arms Deal edit
In August 1994, Steyn was appointed the inaugural Secretary for Defence, a new civilian position at the head of the Department of Defence. He resigned in August 1998.[1] He has said that he resigned because of financial management and procurement irregularities relating to the Arms Deal, which was signed in 1999 after his departure. He testified about the deal at the Arms Procurement Commission in May 2014, and was highly critical of the conduct of former Defence Minister Joe Modise and former SADF Chief of Acquisition Shamin "Chippy" Shaik.[3][4][8]
Steyn Commission edit
 Interim report (1992) | |
| Date | November 1992 – July 1993 |
|---|---|
| Also known as | Steyn Commission |
| Commissioner | Pierre Steyn |
Amid the precarious negotiations to end apartheid, the early 1990s in South Africa were marked by political violence, commonly alleged by the African National Congress to be attributable to a state-aligned "third force." In this context, the Goldstone Commission, in the course of its inquiry into political violence, conducted a raid on the SADF Directorate of Covert Collections. When it found evidence of possible SADF involvement in illegal activities, Steyn was appointed, on 18 November 1992, to investigate.[9][7][10] Steyn has said that he was constantly surveilled and harassed during the period in which the Commission operated.[11]
The Night of the Generals edit
In December 1992, in what is sometimes known as "the Night of the Generals,"[12] de Klerk met with Steyn and, the next day, announced that 23 SADF members had been compelled to retire or suspended pending further investigation.[7][10][13] In Steyn's account, he had presented a situation report on his investigation to de Klerk, but had not recommended any specific actions or dismissals; instead, de Klerk had decided on the dismissals following consultation with SADF leadership.[7]
Further reports and aftermath edit
Steyn submitted several further reports to de Klerk before the Commission closed in July 1993.[7] Some of the matters raised by Steyn were referred back to the Goldstone Commission or were taken up by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.[9]
A criminal investigation was conducted into implicated SADF officers, at Steyn's recommendation. According to SADF Chief Georg Meiring, the investigation was initiated in January 1993 under the Attorneys-General of the Transvaal and Witswatersrand, but was unable to substantiate Steyn's allegations.[7] Ultimately, Wouter Basson, one of the generals suspended in December 1992,[11] was the only SADF official to face criminal charges for activities investigated by the Steyn Commission.[9][14] Indeed, Steyn had noted in his first report that his suspicions would be difficult to prove conclusively, especially due to the destruction of records and other evidence by SADF officials.[10][15]
Findings edit
The report of the Commission was partly leaked in 1997, but only declassified in 2006.[16][17] According to the Mail and Guardian, President Nelson Mandela had decided that its findings were so "explosive" that their publication might threaten the stability of the post-apartheid transition.[18] The report shows that the Commission found prima facie, but primarily under-corroborated, indication that SADF members had been involved in:
- Extra-judicial killings, including by poison[11][17]
- Chemical attacks[9]
- Weapons stockpiling in Portugal, elsewhere in Africa, and domestically[9][17]
- Corruption[9][17]
- Train violence and hostel violence[17]
- Provision of military training to insurgents in neighbouring countries[17] and to Inkatha[9]
- Third force activity through "Project Pastoor"[17]
Among the SADF units implicated in such activities were the 7 Medical Battalion; Special Forces; and Military Intelligence and its Directorate of Covert Collection. Some projects were allegedly undertaken in collaboration with the police or Civil Cooperation Bureau.
Awards and decorations edit
Southern Cross Decoration (SD)
Southern Cross Medal (1975) (SM)
Military Merit Medal (MMM)
Pro Patria Medal
Southern Africa Medal
General Service Medal (South Africa)
Good Service Medal (Gold (30 Years))
Good Service Medal (Silver (20 Years))
Good Service Medal (Bronze (10 Years))
SAAF Pilot's Wings (more than 2500 hours)
References edit
- ^ a b c "Profile of Lt-Gen P.D. Steyn" (PDF). Arms Procurement Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 March 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
- ^ "Pierre Steyn - Who's Who SA". Retrieved 5 January 2015.
- ^ a b c Report of the Arms Procurement Commission (PDF). Vol. 1. Pretoria: The Commission. 2015.
- ^ a b Flanagan, Louise (15 May 2014). "Arms deal 'fraud, manipulation' exposed". IOL. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
- ^ Gibson, Erika (2014). "The Arms Acquisition Unplugged". African Armed Forces. Archived from the original on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
- ^ Badat, Shireen (1994). "'Mr Clean' in from the cold" (PDF). Mail & Guardian. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f "Steyn denies he fingered generals to de Klerk". SAPA. Department of Justice. 17 January 1997. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
- ^ "Arms deal: Former defence secretary says govt flouted tender procedures". News24. 14 May 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g Stott, Noel (2002). "From the SADF to the SANDF: Safeguarding South Africa for a better life for all?" (PDF). Violence and Transition Series. 7. Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation.
- ^ a b c "Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission". SABC. The Commission. 1998. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
- ^ a b c Gould, Chandré; Folb, Peter (2002). Project Coast: Apartheid’s Chemical and Biological Warfare Programme (PDF). Geneva: United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research.
- ^ O'Malley, Padraig (30 November 1999). "Interview with General Georg Meiring in Pretoria". The O'Malley Archives. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
- ^ "De Klerk 'knew of third force activities'". The Mail & Guardian. 17 January 1997. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
- ^ Daley, Suzanne (18 January 1997). "South Africa's Truth Panel Accuses de Klerk of Lies and Cover-Up". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
- ^ O'Brien, Kevin A. (2011). ""Negotiating a settlement"". The South African Intelligence Services: From Apartheid to Democracy, 1948-2005. Studies in Intelligence Series. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-84061-0.
- ^ "SA agents 'stoked black violence'". BBC. 2 May 2006. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g Carter, Chiara (30 April 2006). "Apartheid army's deadly secrets". IOL. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
- ^ "Shocks from the Steyn Report". The Mail & Guardian. 31 January 1997. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
Further reading edit
- "Executive summary of the Steyn Report" (1992). Historical Papers Research Archive, Wits University.